{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2087841340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.29-2419","title":"Crimes of the middle classes: white-collar offenders in the federal courts","display_name":"Crimes of the middle classes: white-collar offenders in the federal courts","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2087841340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.29-2419","mag":"2087841340"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5860/choice.29-2419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.29-2419","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.29-2419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764375719","display_name":"Choice Reviews Online","issn_l":"0009-4978","issn":["0009-4978","1523-8253","1943-5975"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316146","host_organization_name":"Association of College and Research Libraries","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316146","https://openalex.org/P4310315903"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association of College and Research Libraries","American Library Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Choice Reviews Online","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"book-review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":131,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"04","first_page":"29","last_page":"2419"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.7583000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.7583000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.16869999468326569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.03150000050663948,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-collar-crime","display_name":"white-collar crime","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federal-courts","display_name":"federal courts","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentencing","display_name":"sentencing","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judicial-leniency","display_name":"judicial leniency","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-justice","display_name":"criminal justice","score":0.3330000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781448223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1108904","display_name":"Collar","level":2,"score":0.7517991065979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.7346621155738831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.6818664073944092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776394362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137778","display_name":"White-collar crime","level":2,"score":0.5842686295509338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.49033117294311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4683845341205597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2843574285507202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.15243777632713318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5860/choice.29-2419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.29-2419","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.29-2419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764375719","display_name":"Choice Reviews Online","issn_l":"0009-4978","issn":["0009-4978","1523-8253","1943-5975"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316146","host_organization_name":"Association of College and Research Libraries","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316146","https://openalex.org/P4310315903"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association of College and Research Libraries","American Library Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Choice Reviews Online","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4301235917","https://openalex.org/W2473148015","https://openalex.org/W6999496252","https://openalex.org/W2047903713","https://openalex.org/W2971083734","https://openalex.org/W2495605077","https://openalex.org/W4293061192","https://openalex.org/W4412934946","https://openalex.org/W2102094336","https://openalex.org/W90411797"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"major":[2],"study":[3],"of":[4,23],"convicted":[5],"white-collar":[6,24],"offenders":[7,44],"in":[8],"America,":[9],"Weisburd,":[10],"Wheeler,":[11],"Waring,":[12],"and":[13,35],"Bode":[14],"show":[15],"that,":[16],"contrary":[17],"to":[18],"public":[19],"assumption,":[20],"the":[21,32],"majority":[22],"criminals":[25],"are":[26,38],"not":[27,39],"wealthy":[28],"but":[29,45],"come":[30],"from":[31],"middle":[33],"classes":[34],"that":[36],"judges":[37],"more":[40,49],"lenient":[41],"with":[42],"these":[43],"often":[46],"punish":[47],"them":[48],"harshly":[50],"than":[51],"less":[52],"socially":[53],"privileged":[54],"criminals.":[55]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
