{"id":"https://openalex.org/W208776980","doi":null,"title":"Efficacy of nutritional supplements used by athletes.","display_name":"Efficacy of nutritional supplements used by athletes.","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W208776980","mag":"208776980","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8137607"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:8137607","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8137607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical pharmacy","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108492634","display_name":"Susan Beltz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335043937","display_name":"UF Health Shands Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03kvbr153","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335043937","https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I33213144","https://openalex.org/I61515104"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800717037","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S D Beltz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, Shands Hospital, Gainesville, FL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, Shands Hospital, Gainesville, FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335043937","https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109209632","display_name":"Paul L. Doering","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P L Doering","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3728,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82078906,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"12","first_page":"900","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12700","display_name":"Doping in Sports","score":0.5791000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12700","display_name":"Doping in Sports","score":0.5791000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13112","display_name":"Nutrition and Health Studies","score":0.2632000148296356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11399","display_name":"Muscle metabolism and nutrition","score":0.1143999993801117,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-supplements","display_name":"dietary supplements","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/athletes","display_name":"athletes","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ergogenic-aids","display_name":"ergogenic aids","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-supplementation","display_name":"protein supplementation","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amino-acids","display_name":"amino acids","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-and-mineral-supplementation","display_name":"vitamin and mineral supplementation","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/l-carnitine","display_name":"L-carnitine","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobamamide","display_name":"cobamamide","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/octacosanol","display_name":"octacosanol","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ginseng","display_name":"ginseng","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-effects","display_name":"adverse effects","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dehydration","display_name":"dehydration","score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gout","display_name":"gout","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-loss","display_name":"calcium loss","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-requirements","display_name":"protein requirements","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-balance","display_name":"nitrogen balance","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-supplement-regulation","display_name":"supplement regulation","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-control","display_name":"quality control","score":0.5220000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7974420785903931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781054738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4813730","display_name":"Athletes","level":2,"score":0.7751396894454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910019721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861699","display_name":"Herbal supplement","level":3,"score":0.5093487501144409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018122547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5690813","display_name":"Health benefits","level":2,"score":0.4493544101715088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778955358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908560","display_name":"Sports nutrition","level":3,"score":0.4235420823097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779232237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20817212","display_name":"Ginseng","level":3,"score":0.4152410626411438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.2508821487426758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.24026453495025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556039675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035","display_name":"Traditional medicine","level":1,"score":0.23961234092712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002331","descriptor_name":"Carnitine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002857","descriptor_name":"Chromium","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003038","descriptor_name":"Cobamides","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005527","descriptor_name":"Food, Fortified","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005894","descriptor_name":"Panax","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008903","descriptor_name":"Minerals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009751","descriptor_name":"Nutritional Requirements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010946","descriptor_name":"Plants, Medicinal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011506","descriptor_name":"Proteins","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013006","descriptor_name":"Growth Hormone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013177","descriptor_name":"Sports","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014815","descriptor_name":"Vitamins","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:8137607","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8137607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical pharmacy","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:208776980","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8137607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4250036666","https://openalex.org/W194630603","https://openalex.org/W2036160352","https://openalex.org/W3082678988","https://openalex.org/W2486273468","https://openalex.org/W6987835726","https://openalex.org/W1570609393","https://openalex.org/W2130243668","https://openalex.org/W2022822230","https://openalex.org/W6993036985"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Findings":[0],"on":[1,122],"the":[2,25,255],"efficacy":[3],"of":[4,27,76,113],"nutritional":[5,22,190,240],"supplements":[6,23,171,191,241],"used":[7],"by":[8,177],"athletes":[9,13,246],"are":[10,135,172,211],"reviewed.":[11],"Many":[12],"have":[14,69,119,159,242,254],"turned":[15],"away":[16],"from":[17],"anabolic":[18],"steroids":[19],"and":[20,98,103,109,142,162,184,197,207,213,227,251],"toward":[21],"in":[24,111,245],"hope":[26],"gaining":[28],"a":[29,71,248],"competitive":[30],"edge":[31],"without":[32],"threatening":[33],"their":[34,87],"health.":[35],"Athletes":[36],"may":[37,165],"require":[38],"slightly":[39],"more":[40],"protein":[41,58,77,90],"than":[42],"sedentary":[43],"people":[44],"do":[45],"to":[46,62,85,94,118,151,167,192,222],"maintain":[47],"positive":[48],"nitrogen":[49],"balance,":[50],"but":[51],"it":[52],"is":[53,80,146,216,234],"dubious":[54],"whether":[55],"extra":[56],"dietary":[57],"will":[59],"help":[60],"someone":[61],"achieve":[63],"athletic":[64,126],"goals.":[65],"Purified":[66],"amino":[67],"acids":[68],"become":[70],"popular":[72],"if":[73,236],"expensive":[74],"form":[75],"supplementation;":[78],"there":[79,145],"no":[81,120,147],"scientific":[82,149],"evidence,":[83],"however,":[84],"support":[86,152],"use.":[88],"Excessive":[89],"supplementation":[91,164],"can":[92],"lead":[93,166],"dehydration,":[95],"gout,":[96],"liver":[97],"kidney":[99],"damage,":[100],"calcium":[101],"loss,":[102],"gastrointestinal":[104],"effects.":[105,169],"Supplementation":[106],"with":[107],"vitamins":[108],"minerals":[110],"excess":[112],"recommended":[114],"daily":[115],"allowances":[116],"appears":[117],"effect":[121],"muscle":[123],"mass":[124],"or":[125],"performance.":[127],"Other":[128],"substances":[129],"touted":[130],"as":[131],"having":[132],"ergogenic":[133,160,243],"properties":[134],"carnitine,":[136],"cobamamide,":[137],"growth":[138],"hormone":[139],"releasers,":[140],"octacosanol,":[141],"ginseng;":[143],"again,":[144],"reliable":[148],"evidence":[150,238],"claims":[153,176,229],"that":[154,202,239],"products":[155,253],"containing":[156],"these":[157,231],"compounds":[158],"potential,":[161],"heavy":[163],"adverse":[168],"Nutritional":[170],"promoted":[173],"through":[174],"unsubstantiated":[175],"magazine":[178],"advertisements,":[179],"health":[180,228],"food":[181],"stores,":[182],"coaches,":[183],"other":[185],"sources.":[186],"The":[187,218],"FDA":[188,219],"considers":[189],"be":[193,204],"foodstuffs,":[194],"not":[195,200],"drugs,":[196],"therefore":[198],"has":[199,220],"required":[201],"they":[203],"proved":[205],"safe":[206],"effective.":[208],"Dosage":[209],"guidelines":[210],"inadequate,":[212],"quality":[214],"control":[215],"poor.":[217],"begun":[221],"revise":[223],"regulations":[224],"governing":[225],"labeling":[226],"for":[230,257],"products.":[232],"There":[233],"little":[235],"any":[237],"effects":[244],"consuming":[247],"balanced":[249],"diet,":[250],"some":[252],"potential":[256],"harm.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}