{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2087516109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.2007.0016","title":"The Dilemma of Quaker Pacifism in a Slaveholding Republic, 1833-1865","display_name":"The Dilemma of Quaker Pacifism in a Slaveholding Republic, 1833-1865","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2087516109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.2007.0016","mag":"2087516109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/cwh.2007.0016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.2007.0016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.2007.0016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42018803","display_name":"Civil War history","issn_l":"0009-8078","issn":["0009-8078","1533-6271"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315744","host_organization_name":"Kent State University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315744"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Kent State University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Civil War History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085124742","display_name":"Ryan P. Jordan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ryan P. Jordan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085124742"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34313682,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"1","first_page":"5","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":0.8036999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":0.8036999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14426","display_name":"Religion, Gender, and Enlightenment","score":0.17149999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.007600000128149986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quaker-pacifism","display_name":"Quaker pacifism","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abolitionism","display_name":"abolitionism","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slavery","display_name":"slavery","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quakers","display_name":"Quakers","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underground-railroad","display_name":"Underground Railroad","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-anti-slavery-society","display_name":"American Anti-Slavery Society","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-war","display_name":"civil war","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emancipation","display_name":"emancipation","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violence-and-nonviolence","display_name":"violence and nonviolence","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copperheads","display_name":"Copperheads","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/john-brown","display_name":"John Brown","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lucretia-mott","display_name":"Lucretia Mott","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philadelphia-quakers","display_name":"Philadelphia Quakers","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antebellum-period","display_name":"antebellum period","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-rights","display_name":"African American rights","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-dissent","display_name":"religious dissent","score":0.3019999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781153986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380351","display_name":"Emancipation","level":3,"score":0.6312178373336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.6294503211975098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.559151828289032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10180917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193526","display_name":"Conscience","level":2,"score":0.5244300961494446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18296254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395219","display_name":"Skepticism","level":2,"score":0.49114200472831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777179996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911222","display_name":"Mistake","level":2,"score":0.4862183630466461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.46924543380737305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.46264636516571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3853425979614258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3735075294971466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24667770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34187","display_name":"Religious studies","level":1,"score":0.361674040555954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.2600533068180084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.19985434412956238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.1674518883228302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/cwh.2007.0016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.2007.0016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.2007.0016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42018803","display_name":"Civil War history","issn_l":"0009-8078","issn":["0009-8078","1533-6271"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315744","host_organization_name":"Kent State University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315744"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Kent State University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Civil War History","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/221562","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/221562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45019893","https://openalex.org/W403875060","https://openalex.org/W622456010","https://openalex.org/W627283147","https://openalex.org/W1527978916","https://openalex.org/W1973327205","https://openalex.org/W1979111809","https://openalex.org/W1983232567","https://openalex.org/W1992615291","https://openalex.org/W2003057792","https://openalex.org/W2029939164","https://openalex.org/W2030535778","https://openalex.org/W2036749313","https://openalex.org/W2038002442","https://openalex.org/W2044326627","https://openalex.org/W2045633488","https://openalex.org/W2073727058","https://openalex.org/W2086765546","https://openalex.org/W2095040869","https://openalex.org/W2132154479","https://openalex.org/W2138828502","https://openalex.org/W2146088384","https://openalex.org/W2220272856","https://openalex.org/W2320230415","https://openalex.org/W2327684625","https://openalex.org/W2334746941","https://openalex.org/W2476175598","https://openalex.org/W2796747124","https://openalex.org/W2797723576"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1588474347","https://openalex.org/W2134519878","https://openalex.org/W1983627091","https://openalex.org/W2490747697","https://openalex.org/W2040259760","https://openalex.org/W4410847314","https://openalex.org/W2147787172","https://openalex.org/W1981762463","https://openalex.org/W4246917772","https://openalex.org/W2558336723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,97,145,191],"Dilemma":[1],"of":[2,18,29,61,64,78,126,148,158,162,196,202,234,270,306,323,336,363,366,376,379,417,436,438,471,476,479,495,524,539,553,563,573,577,588,596,624,630,637,659,675],"Quaker":[3,19,415,631,661],"Pacifism":[4],"in":[5,46,182,189,230,412,422,474,515,542,600,633],"a":[6,26,65,116,185,373,469,584,593],"Slaveholding":[7],"Republic,":[8],"1833\u20131865":[9],"Ryan":[10],"Jordan":[11],"(bio)":[12],"Looking":[13],"back":[14],"on":[15,279,656],"the":[16,22,34,38,50,59,79,124,127,138,159,169,176,200,231,262,271,304,317,324,333,344,352,364,393,407,413,423,439,477,490,507,510,516,522,532,543,559,571,574,578,591,601,614,622,628,634,657,673],"relationship":[17],"meetings":[20,552],"to":[21,72,94,106,110,141,239,261,276,281,284,288,331,348,360,372,425,447,450,489,512,567,570],"antebellum":[23],"abolitionist":[24,35],"movement,":[25],"Philadelphia":[27,150],"associate":[28],"Lucretia":[30,101],"Mott":[31,102],"recounted":[32],"how":[33,153,217],"\"crusade":[36],"against":[37,590],"slaveocracy\"":[39],"was":[40,69,129,295,526],"disliked":[41],"by":[42,403,528],"most":[43,66],"Friends:":[44],"Quakers":[45,215,327,370,459,582,606],"general":[47],"believed":[48],"\"that":[49],"antislavery":[51,340,464],"missionaries":[52],"were":[53,321,329,558],"stirring":[54],"up":[55,227,241],"strife,":[56],"[and]":[57],"that":[58,397,467,645],"preaching":[60,538],"hate,":[62],"even":[63,302],"hateful":[67],"thing,":[68],"not":[70,104,643],"according":[71],"Friends'":[73],"principles.\"":[74],"While":[75],"many":[76,154,203,400],"members":[77,157,269,437],"religious":[80,341],"society":[81,275],"admired":[82],"activists":[83],"such":[84],"as":[85,210,399,401,419,421,521,664],"Mott,":[86],"they":[87,257,453,500,505,654],"still":[88],"remained":[89],"skeptical":[90],"regarding":[91],"her":[92],"approach":[93],"ending":[95],"slavery.":[96],"writer":[98],"continued,":[99],"\"Certainly":[100],"did":[103,181],"intend":[105],"incite":[107],"John":[108],"Brown":[109],"invade":[111],"Virginia":[112],"and":[113,119,156,179,194,312,339,389,431,463,504,546,616,639],"shoot":[114],"half":[115],"dozen":[117],"people,":[118],"then":[120,549],"be":[121,300,442],"hanged,\"":[122],"but":[123,487],"\"mission\"":[125],"abolitionists":[128],"nonetheless":[130],"\"a":[131],"mistake,":[132],"however":[133],"good":[134],"their":[135,291,337,496,502],"motive,\"":[136],"because":[137,494],"movement":[139],"seemed":[140],"compromise":[142],"with":[143,251,531],"violence.1":[144],"unidentified":[146],"comments":[147],"this":[149,597],"Friend":[151],"reveal":[152],"leaders":[155],"Religious":[160],"Society":[161,365,523],"Friends":[163,204,247,367,525,554],"(Quakers)":[164],"feared":[165],"violent":[166,249],"revolution":[167],"around":[168],"slavery":[170],"issue":[171],"long":[172],"before":[173],"Abraham":[174],"Lincoln,":[175],"Union":[177],"army,":[178],"slaves":[180,280],"fact":[183],"unleash":[184],"second":[186],"American":[187,220,244,273,357],"Revolution":[188],"1863.":[190],"proper":[192],"means":[193],"ends":[195],"emancipation":[197],"nagged":[198],"at":[199,303],"conscience":[201],"for":[205,242,268,309,610],"several":[206],"decades":[207],"before\u2014as":[208],"well":[209,420],"during\u2014the":[211],"Civil":[212,318],"War.":[213],"Many":[214],"discovered":[216],"supporting":[218],"African":[219,243],"freedom":[221,292],"could":[222,298,441,642],"[End":[223,535],"Page":[224,536],"5]":[225],"open":[226],"serious":[228],"contradictions":[229],"church's":[232],"critique":[233],"state-sanctioned":[235],"force.":[236],"Would":[237],"efforts":[238],"speak":[240],"rights":[245],"draw":[246],"into":[248],"confrontations":[250],"mobs":[252],"or":[253,287,626,668,671],"slaveholders,":[254],"especially":[255],"if":[256],"lent":[258],"clandestine":[259],"support":[260,308],"Underground":[263],"Railroad?":[264],"Was":[265],"it":[266,294],"possible":[267],"new":[272],"Anti-Slavery":[274],"avoid":[277],"calling":[278],"use":[282],"force":[283],"free":[285],"themselves,":[286],"simply":[289],"defend":[290],"once":[293,484],"achieved?":[296],"Finally,":[297],"pacifism":[299],"defended":[301],"cost":[305],"apparent":[307],"\"copperhead\"":[310],"Democrats":[311],"other":[313],"anti-emancipation":[314],"forces":[315],"during":[316,343,613],"War?":[319],"These":[320,481],"some":[322],"issues":[325],"confronting":[326],"who":[328,386],"trying":[330],"discern":[332],"political":[334,608],"meaning":[335],"pacifist":[338,462,611],"beliefs":[342],"period":[345],"from":[346,444],"1830":[347],"roughly":[349],"1870.2":[350],"In":[351],"mid\u2013nineteenth":[353],"century,":[354],"approximately":[355],"200,000":[356],"Protestants":[358],"belonged":[359],"various":[361],"branches":[362],"(Quakers).":[368],"Although":[369,452],"adhered":[371],"congregational":[374],"organization":[375],"churches,":[377],"groups":[378],"meetinghouses":[380],"recognized":[381],"leaders,":[382],"so-called":[383],"weighty":[384],"Friends,":[385],"exercised":[387],"disciplinary":[388],"advisory":[390],"power":[391,609],"through":[392],"regional":[394],"Yearly":[395,409],"Meetings,":[396],"numbered":[398],"fourteen":[402],"1840.":[404],"Not":[405],"surprisingly,":[406],"largest":[408],"Meetings":[410],"existed":[411],"traditional":[414,660],"stronghold":[416],"Pennsylvania,":[418],"states":[424],"which":[426],"Pennsylvanians":[427],"migrated,":[428],"namely":[429],"Ohio":[430],"Indiana.":[432],"But":[433,499],"smaller":[434],"numbers":[435],"church":[440],"found":[443],"New":[445,666],"England,":[446],"North":[448,669],"Carolina,":[449],"Iowa.3":[451],"possessed":[454,460,583],"differing":[455],"theological":[456],"views,":[457],"all":[458,562,677],"distinctive":[461],"convictions,":[465],"convictions":[466],"represented":[468],"rejection":[470],"human":[472,651],"government":[473,478],"anticipation":[475],"God.":[480],"ideas":[482],"had":[483,598],"brought":[485],"nothing":[486],"trouble":[488],"\"peculiar":[491],"people,\"":[492],"largely":[493],"anarchic":[497],"implications.":[498],"maintained":[501],"pacifism,":[503],"constituted":[506],"largest\u2014and":[508],"arguably":[509],"first\u2014church":[511],"disallow":[513],"slaveholding":[514],"late":[517],"eighteenth":[518],"century.":[519],"Even":[520],"rocked":[527],"dissension":[529],"beginning":[530],"theologically":[533],"liberal":[534],"6]":[537],"Elias":[540],"Hicks":[541],"1820s":[544],"(Hicks":[545],"his":[547],"followers":[548],"established":[550],"separate":[551],"called":[555],"\"Hicksite\"\u2014their":[556],"opponents":[557],"self-styled":[560],"\"Orthodox\"),":[561],"these":[564],"\"Quakers\"":[565],"continued":[566],"claim":[568],"allegiance":[569],"teachings":[572],"seventeenth-century":[575],"founder":[576],"church,":[579],"George":[580],"Fox.":[581],"common":[585],"cultural":[586],"inheritance":[587],"struggle":[589],"world:":[592],"famous":[594],"example":[595],"occurred":[599],"1750s,":[602],"when":[603],"leading":[604],"Pennsylvania":[605],"exchanged":[607],"principles":[612],"French":[615],"Indian":[617],"war.4":[618],"Nineteenth-century":[619],"arguments":[620],"over":[621,627],"divinity":[623],"Christ,":[625],"extent":[629],"involvement":[632],"\"benevolent":[635],"Empire\"":[636],"missionary":[638],"Bible":[640],"societies,":[641],"erase":[644],"peculiarly":[646],"Quaker,":[647],"dissenting":[648],"attitude":[649],"toward":[650],"government.":[652],"Whether":[653],"lived":[655],"fringes":[658],"territory":[662],"(such":[663],"upstate":[665],"York":[667],"Carolina)":[670],"within":[672],"city":[674],"Philadelphia,":[676],"those":[678],"who...":[679]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}