{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2087433600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4889470","title":"WE-F-16A-03: 3D Printer Application in Proton Therapy: A Novel Method to Deliver Passive-Scattering Proton Beams with a Fixed Range and Modulation for SRS and SRT","display_name":"WE-F-16A-03: 3D Printer Application in Proton Therapy: A Novel Method to Deliver Passive-Scattering Proton Beams with a Fixed Range and Modulation for SRS and SRT","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2087433600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4889470","mag":"2087433600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.4889470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4889470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4889470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068845250","display_name":"Xuanfeng Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-6278","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-6278"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"X Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074844270","display_name":"Alon Witztum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0231-1050","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0231-1050"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Witztum","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052474035","display_name":"Xiaoying Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6688-1045","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6688-1045"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"X Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"M Reiche","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Reiche","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102895897","display_name":"Haibo Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8779-7849","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8779-7849"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016001698","display_name":"Boon-Keng Kevin Teo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B Teo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005053451","display_name":"Lingshu Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4254-3559","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4254-3559"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047647774","display_name":"Jonathan P. Fiene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9772-7297","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9772-7297"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Fiene","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047652105","display_name":"John E. McDonough","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2497-0258","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2497-0258"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J McDonough","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109907555","display_name":"Ali Kassaee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Kassaee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":3360,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3360},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5352,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72292452,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"6Part30","first_page":"514","last_page":"514"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.9473000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.9473000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.049800001084804535,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11984","display_name":"Anatomy and Medical Technology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-printing","display_name":"3D printing","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-therapy","display_name":"proton therapy","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range-modulation","display_name":"range modulation","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereotactic-radiosurgery","display_name":"stereotactic radiosurgery","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereotactic-radiotherapy","display_name":"stereotactic radiotherapy","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-arc-therapy","display_name":"proton arc therapy","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stopping-power","display_name":"stopping power","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-lesions","display_name":"brain lesions","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-distribution-verification","display_name":"dose distribution verification","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ebt3-film-dosimetry","display_name":"EBT3 film dosimetry","score":0.7799999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104293457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324852","display_name":"Imaging phantom","level":2,"score":0.7830978631973267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779244869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507667","display_name":"Proton therapy","level":3,"score":0.7162255644798279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5698696970939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43376680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6580786","display_name":"Bolus (digestion)","level":2,"score":0.5226421356201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201645570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830637","display_name":"Radiation treatment planning","level":3,"score":0.5187714099884033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.4943416118621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780387249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q973234","display_name":"Radiosurgery","level":3,"score":0.48432815074920654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.46015694737434387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.42821401357650757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75088862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2291081","display_name":"Dosimetry","level":2,"score":0.41009974479675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.3334955871105194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3292280435562134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509974204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180507","display_name":"Radiation therapy","level":2,"score":0.30287978053092957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21882078051567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13815000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.1136457622051239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.07105746865272522}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.4889470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4889470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4889470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019407671","https://openalex.org/W2394733848","https://openalex.org/W1195545364","https://openalex.org/W789072430","https://openalex.org/W1150140169","https://openalex.org/W4409906653","https://openalex.org/W1433865263","https://openalex.org/W1452401319","https://openalex.org/W4395050582","https://openalex.org/W7130397377"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose:":[0],"To":[1,75],"present":[2],"a":[3,17,37,40,79,93,274],"novel":[4],"technique":[5,243],"to":[6,35,56,68,116,134,140,155,255,264],"deliver":[7],"passive-scattering":[8,89,233],"proton":[9,23,90,216,260,286],"beam":[10,73,248],"with":[11,39,92,126,259],"fixed":[12,94],"range":[13,95,225],"and":[14,26,96,114,131,201,251,266,292],"modulation":[15],"using":[16,87,171,222],"3D":[18,120,184,223],"printed":[19,128,224],"patient-specific":[20],"bolus":[21,46,108,130,271],"for":[22,58,119,213,285,290],"stereotactic":[24],"radiosurgery":[25],"radiotherapy.":[27],"Methods:":[28],"A":[29,44],"CIRS":[30],"head":[31,132],"phantom":[32,123],"was":[33,47,81,109,124,169,188],"used":[34],"simulate":[36,76],"patient":[38,66,269],"small":[41,238],"brain":[42],"lesion.":[43],"custom":[45,129],"created":[48,82],"in":[49,148,235,240,277],"the":[50,59,65,69,84,107,112,127,136,141,149,153,157,166,172,183,211,228],"Eclipse":[51],"Treatment":[52],"Planning":[53],"System":[54],"(TPS)":[55],"compensate":[57],"different":[60,100],"water":[61,193],"equivalent":[62],"depths":[63],"from":[64,71,99,111],"surface":[67],"target":[70,154],"multiple":[72,232,247],"directions.":[74],"arc":[77,257],"therapy,":[78],"plan":[80],"on":[83],"initial":[85,142],"CT":[86,200,203],"three":[88],"beams":[91,234],"modulations":[97],"irradiating":[98],"angles.":[101],"The":[102,122,161,178,195,262],"DICOM-RT":[103],"structure":[104],"file":[105],"of":[106,152,165,182,231,237,246],"exported":[110],"TPS":[113],"converted":[115],"STL":[117],"format":[118],"printing.":[121],"rescanned":[125],"cup":[133],"verify":[135,156],"dose":[137,159,196],"distribution":[138],"comparing":[139],"plan.":[143],"EBT3":[144],"films":[145],"were":[146],"placed":[147],"sagital":[150],"plane":[151],"delivered":[158],"distribution.":[160],"relative":[162,179],"stopping":[163,180],"power":[164,181],"printing":[167,185],"material(ABSplus-P430)":[168],"measured":[170],"Zebra":[173],"multi-plate":[174],"ion":[175],"chamber.":[176],"Results:":[177],"material,":[186],"ABSplus-P430":[187],"1.05":[189],"which":[190],"is":[191,204],"almost":[192,205],"equivalent.":[194],"difference":[197],"between":[198],"verification":[199],"Initial":[202],"negligible.":[206],"Film":[207],"measurement":[208],"also":[209,289],"confirmed":[210],"accuracy":[212],"this":[214],"new":[215,275],"delivery":[217,230,245],"technique.":[218],"Conclusion:":[219],"Our":[220],"method":[221],"modifiers":[226],"simplify":[227],"treatment":[229,236,281],"lesion":[239],"brain.":[241],"This":[242],"makes":[244],"more":[249],"efficient":[250],"can":[252],"be":[253],"extended":[254],"allow":[256],"therapy":[258,287],"beams.":[261],"ability":[263],"create":[265],"construct":[267],"complex":[268],"specific":[270],"structures":[272],"provides":[273],"dimension":[276],"creating":[278],"optimized":[279],"quality":[280],"plans":[282],"not":[283],"only":[284],"but":[288],"electron":[291],"photon":[293],"therapy.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}