{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2087066636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/095303","title":"Simultaneous detection of liquid level and refractive index with a long-period fiber grating based sensor device","display_name":"Simultaneous detection of liquid level and refractive index with a long-period fiber grating based sensor device","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2087066636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/095303","mag":"2087066636"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/095303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/095303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/095303","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/095303/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109302362","display_name":"Measurement Science and Technology","issn_l":"0957-0233","issn":["0957-0233","1361-6501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Measurement Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/095303/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062802994","display_name":"Ying Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4119-9522","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4119-9522"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA","Department of Civil Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA#N#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA#N#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062022620","display_name":"Baokai Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baokai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA","Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Missouri Univ. of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Missouri Univ. of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057017910","display_name":"Genda Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0658-4356","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0658-4356"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Genda Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008110714","display_name":"Hai Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1460-6241","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1460-6241","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7010-4102","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9399-1584"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA","Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Missouri Univ. of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Missouri Univ. of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003909640","display_name":"Samee U. Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5640-4942","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5640-4942"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samee U Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3325,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3325},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.383,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89372038,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"9","first_page":"095303","last_page":"095303"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10846","display_name":"Photonic Crystal and Fiber Optics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-period-fiber-grating","display_name":"long-period fiber grating","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-optic-sensors","display_name":"fiber optic sensors","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-level-sensing","display_name":"liquid level sensing","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-index-measurement","display_name":"refractive index measurement","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simultaneous-detection","display_name":"simultaneous detection","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taylor-expansion","display_name":"Taylor series expansion","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-sensitivity","display_name":"cross-sensitivity","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-effects","display_name":"environmental effects","score":0.6050000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777166351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5124919","display_name":"Cladding mode","level":5,"score":0.779531717300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36456112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288064","display_name":"Cladding (metalworking)","level":2,"score":0.7441789507865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42067758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174102","display_name":"Refractive index","level":2,"score":0.7342369556427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.7010928988456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190743814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578576","display_name":"Long-period fiber grating","level":5,"score":0.6875068545341492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.6300980448722839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6251869201660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777813233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1527816","display_name":"Grating","level":2,"score":0.6054118275642395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21651689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397427","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","level":3,"score":0.49371227622032166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4680976867675781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180861198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503585","display_name":"Single-mode optical fiber","level":3,"score":0.4250292479991913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.4203943908214569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113102252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591869","display_name":"Graded-index fiber","level":4,"score":0.3798242211341858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2433387041091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45747243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209154","display_name":"Polarization-maintaining optical fiber","level":4,"score":0.16451451182365417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/095303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/095303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/095303","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/095303/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109302362","display_name":"Measurement Science and Technology","issn_l":"0957-0233","issn":["0957-0233","1361-6501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Measurement Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.402.1798","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.402.1798","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://sameekhan.org/pub/H_K_2013_MST.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/095303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/095303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/095303","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/095303/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109302362","display_name":"Measurement Science and Technology","issn_l":"0957-0233","issn":["0957-0233","1361-6501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Measurement Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7417753881","display_name":"Nano Ferrous Particles Dispersed on Optical Fiber Sensors for Distributed Corrosion Assessment of Civil Infrastructures","funder_award_id":"1235202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337391","display_name":"Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/028yd4c30"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2087066636.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2087066636.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965323765","https://openalex.org/W1971925492","https://openalex.org/W1973783199","https://openalex.org/W1980281827","https://openalex.org/W1980621161","https://openalex.org/W1982545511","https://openalex.org/W1987427330","https://openalex.org/W1988259704","https://openalex.org/W1990883880","https://openalex.org/W1996980957","https://openalex.org/W1997366830","https://openalex.org/W2004787794","https://openalex.org/W2005318723","https://openalex.org/W2010965466","https://openalex.org/W2028167283","https://openalex.org/W2029654136","https://openalex.org/W2032231305","https://openalex.org/W2035920019","https://openalex.org/W2045261804","https://openalex.org/W2050845548","https://openalex.org/W2057414857","https://openalex.org/W2058721745","https://openalex.org/W2061721086","https://openalex.org/W2080835902","https://openalex.org/W2082429128","https://openalex.org/W2082946474","https://openalex.org/W2086052136","https://openalex.org/W2092883698","https://openalex.org/W2107426330","https://openalex.org/W2111183272","https://openalex.org/W2114914384","https://openalex.org/W2114973461","https://openalex.org/W2125708160","https://openalex.org/W2130722042","https://openalex.org/W2133706810","https://openalex.org/W2149240555","https://openalex.org/W2170318958","https://openalex.org/W2993124344","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035920019","https://openalex.org/W2080835902","https://openalex.org/W2382699932","https://openalex.org/W3134726703","https://openalex.org/W2379391591","https://openalex.org/W1982545511","https://openalex.org/W2949047228","https://openalex.org/W2385143794","https://openalex.org/W2891713433","https://openalex.org/W2899211122"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"a":[3,71],"long-period":[4],"fiber":[5,9],"grating":[6,28],"(LPFG)-based":[7],"optical":[8],"sensor":[10,45],"device":[11],"is":[12],"proposed":[13,127],"for":[14,136,141],"simultaneous":[15],"detection":[16],"of":[17,26,38,42,57,70,74,98],"liquid":[18,84,106,137],"level":[19,138],"and":[20,52,65,86,112,119,139],"refractive":[21],"index":[22],"(RI).":[23],"When":[24],"part":[25],"the":[27,35,43,49,55,58,62,75,78,93,126],"was":[29,130],"submerged":[30,50,81],"in":[31,80,95],"an":[32],"unknown":[33],"liquid,":[34],"resonant":[36,96],"wavelength":[37,97],"each":[39],"cladding":[40,100],"mode":[41],"LPFG":[44],"varied":[46],"linearly":[47],"with":[48,54],"length":[51,82],"nonlinearly":[53],"RI":[56,87],"liquid.":[59],"By":[60],"retaining":[61],"first-order":[63],"(sensitivity)":[64],"second-order":[66],"(cross":[67],"sensitivity)":[68],"terms":[69],"Taylor":[72],"expansion":[73],"nonlinear":[76],"relation,":[77],"changes":[79,94],"(or":[83],"level)":[85],"can":[88],"be":[89,133],"simultaneously":[90],"evaluated":[91],"from":[92],"two":[99],"modes.":[101],"The":[102,121],"sensitivity":[103],"coefficients":[104],"to":[105,132],"level,":[107],"RI,":[108],"their":[109],"cross":[110],"effect":[111],"environmental":[113],"effects":[114],"were":[115],"studied":[116],"both":[117],"analytically":[118],"experimentally.":[120],"maximum":[122],"prediction":[123],"error":[124],"by":[125],"evaluation":[128],"algorithm":[129],"found":[131],"1":[134],"mm":[135],"0.005":[140],"RI.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}