{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2087019463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001112877301900408","title":"Criminal or Delinquent?","display_name":"Criminal or Delinquent?","publication_year":1973,"publication_date":"1973-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2087019463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001112877301900408","mag":"2087019463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/001112877301900408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001112877301900408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001112877301900408","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75692751","display_name":"Crime & Delinquency","issn_l":"0011-1287","issn":["0011-1287","1552-387X","2471-3724","2471-4011"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Crime & Delinquency","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073020308","display_name":"Robert B. Keiter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert B. Keiter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Appalachian Research and Defense Fund, Inc., Charleston, W. Va, National Clearinghouse Review, National Clearinghouse for Legal Services, Chicago, Washington University, Northwestern University School of Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Appalachian Research and Defense Fund, Inc., Charleston, W. Va, National Clearinghouse Review, National Clearinghouse for Legal Services, Chicago, Washington University, Northwestern University School of Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073020308"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32666488,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":"528","last_page":"538"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13101","display_name":"Legal and Social Justice Studies","score":0.5917999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13101","display_name":"Legal and Social Justice Studies","score":0.5917999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.3481000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.023399999365210533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-courts","display_name":"juvenile courts","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-delinquency","display_name":"juvenile delinquency","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaluation-standards","display_name":"evaluation standards","score":0.6639999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12891156","display_name":"Seriousness","level":2,"score":0.9576945304870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17319257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21189184","display_name":"Statute","level":2,"score":0.6950048208236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6102663278579712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.533787190914154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5239003896713257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780597079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070100","display_name":"Criminal record","level":2,"score":0.46987396478652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4494280517101288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4414512515068054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71376074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1001125","display_name":"Juvenile delinquency","level":2,"score":0.43732500076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.06566578149795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/001112877301900408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001112877301900408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001112877301900408","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75692751","display_name":"Crime & Delinquency","issn_l":"0011-1287","issn":["0011-1287","1552-387X","2471-3724","2471-4011"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Crime & Delinquency","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4212930181","https://openalex.org/W4121359","https://openalex.org/W66286359","https://openalex.org/W2113654217","https://openalex.org/W2072113101","https://openalex.org/W2282952822","https://openalex.org/W4380789321","https://openalex.org/W7038954063","https://openalex.org/W2039294943","https://openalex.org/W7155664660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Illinois":[0],"statutes":[1],"grant":[2],"the":[3,18,25,35,38,41,46,49],"state's":[4,26,50],"attorney":[5,27],"discretionary":[6],"author":[7],"ity":[8],"to":[9],"decide":[10],"whether":[11],"a":[12],"case":[13],"should":[14],"be":[15],"removed":[16],"from":[17],"juvenile":[19],"court.":[20],"In":[21],"exercising":[22],"his":[23],"authority":[24],"has":[28],"estab":[29],"lished":[30],"evaluation":[31],"standards":[32],"based":[33],"on":[34],"seriousness":[36],"of":[37,39,48],"fense,":[40],"youth's":[42],"prior":[43],"record,":[44],"and":[45],"strength":[47],"case.":[51]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}