{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2086973709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a121203","title":"External Zones in the Gravity Model\u2014Some Further Developments","display_name":"External Zones in the Gravity Model\u2014Some Further Developments","publication_year":1980,"publication_date":"1980-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2086973709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a121203","mag":"2086973709"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1068/a121203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a121203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a121203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87933477","display_name":"Environment and Planning A Economy and Space","issn_l":"0308-518X","issn":["0308-518X","1472-3409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111186046","display_name":"J R Roy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J R Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Building Research, CSIRO, Highett, Victoria 3190, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Building Research, CSIRO, Highett, Victoria 3190, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111186046"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4332748,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"10","first_page":"1203","last_page":"1206"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.7993000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.7993000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis","score":0.13600000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12306","display_name":"Urban and Freight Transport Logistics","score":0.01549999974668026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravity-model","display_name":"gravity model","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-zones","display_name":"external zones","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-transport","display_name":"urban transport","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy-maximization","display_name":"entropy maximization","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-demands","display_name":"job demands","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-periphery","display_name":"urban periphery","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-flow","display_name":"traffic flow","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zone-boundary","display_name":"zone boundary","score":0.3370000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16678853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486972","display_name":"Human settlement","level":2,"score":0.5762941837310791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87889798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543986","display_name":"Gravity model of trade","level":2,"score":0.5543177723884583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.3389712870121002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3208163380622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.30656862258911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1068/a121203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a121203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a121203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87933477","display_name":"Environment and Planning A Economy and Space","issn_l":"0308-518X","issn":["0308-518X","1472-3409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pio:envira:v:12:y:1980:i:10:p:1203-1206","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=a121203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:envira:v:12:y:1980:i:10:p:1203-1206","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/a121203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W159268831","https://openalex.org/W1558283526","https://openalex.org/W1968957675","https://openalex.org/W1989996068","https://openalex.org/W2006222780","https://openalex.org/W2041908693","https://openalex.org/W2046416822","https://openalex.org/W2120907837"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4323312254","https://openalex.org/W2137886494","https://openalex.org/W4415052218","https://openalex.org/W2335148620","https://openalex.org/W183822309","https://openalex.org/W1544423534","https://openalex.org/W2921574322","https://openalex.org/W2510090346","https://openalex.org/W2999077317","https://openalex.org/W2883735514"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,28,47],"urban":[1,45],"transport":[2],"studies,":[3],"the":[4,7,16,22,25,44,67,77,83],"boundaries":[5],"of":[6,19,24,76],"outermost":[8],"zones":[9,40],"are":[10,51,86],"usually":[11],"set":[12],"to":[13,36,53],"coincide":[14],"with":[15],"expected":[17],"periphery":[18],"development":[20],"at":[21],"end":[23],"study":[26],"period.":[27],"practice,":[29],"there":[30],"often":[31],"exist":[32],"considerable":[33],"traffic":[34],"flows":[35,56],"and":[37,41,71],"from":[38],"these":[39],"settlements":[42],"outside":[43],"area.":[46],"this":[48],"note,":[49],"suggestions":[50],"made":[52],"include":[54],"such":[55],"within":[57],"a":[58],"consistent":[59],"entropy":[60],"maximizing":[61],"framework.":[62],"The":[63],"model":[64],"accounts":[65],"for":[66],"total":[68,72],"worker":[69],"supply":[70],"job":[73],"demand":[74],"characteristics":[75],"external":[78],"zones,":[79],"whilst":[80],"ensuring":[81],"that":[82],"relevant":[84],"constraints":[85],"not":[87],"violated.":[88]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}