{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2086875603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dth018","title":"Specialized supply firms, property rights and firm boundaries","display_name":"Specialized supply firms, property rights and firm boundaries","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2086875603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dth018","mag":"2086875603"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/icc/dth018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dth018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dth018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145507837","display_name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","issn_l":"0960-6491","issn":["0960-6491","1464-3650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101784828","display_name":"Ashish Arora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5097-8646","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5097-8646"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Arora","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robert Merges, School of Law, Boalt Hall, U.C. Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-7200, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Merges, School of Law, Boalt Hall, U.C. Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-7200, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057370182","display_name":"Robert P. Merges","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. P. Merges","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101784828"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":{"value":3260,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4299},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":34.878,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":216,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9960949,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"451","last_page":"475"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.8784000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.8784000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.045099999755620956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.01489999983459711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"intellectual property","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundaries-of-the-firm","display_name":"firm boundaries","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertical-integration","display_name":"vertical integration","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-spillovers","display_name":"information spillovers","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-capabilities","display_name":"organizational capabilities","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-house-production","display_name":"in-house production","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-innovation","display_name":"technological innovation","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-business","display_name":"small business","score":0.44600000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.7630643248558044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6845657825469971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.6487082242965698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86511162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799101","display_name":"Property rights","level":2,"score":0.5846197605133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5381705164909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4408780336380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.36146295070648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3049739897251129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.06926849484443665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/icc/dth018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dth018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dth018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145507837","display_name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","issn_l":"0960-6491","issn":["0960-6491","1464-3650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1093/icc/13.3.451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/13.3.451","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/13.3.451","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145507837","display_name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","issn_l":"0960-6491","issn":["0960-6491","1464-3650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:works.bepress.com:robert_merges-1071","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://works.bepress.com/robert_merges/62","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196581","display_name":"Berkley Law Scholarship Repository (University of California, Berkeley)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","host_organization_name":"University of California, Berkeley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Robert P Merges","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6884734485","https://openalex.org/W2157139774","https://openalex.org/W1648549198","https://openalex.org/W1540108731","https://openalex.org/W7100116375","https://openalex.org/W3002698542","https://openalex.org/W1972778065","https://openalex.org/W2047059819","https://openalex.org/W3121832170","https://openalex.org/W2274802504"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"proper":[1],"specification":[2],"of":[3,33,60,97,105,122,139,164,180,191,213,227],"intellectual":[4],"property":[5,128],"rights":[6,129],"(IPRs)":[7],"is":[8,72,92,116,147],"a":[9,64,74,172,238],"delicate":[10],"and":[11,43,99],"controversial":[12],"matter.":[13],"In":[14],"this":[15],"paper,":[16],"we":[17,87,109],"consider":[18],"one":[19],"specialized":[20,155,193,235],"context":[21],"in":[22,154,161,183,201,209,229],"which":[23],"IPRs":[24,52,98,150,168,228],"can":[25,53],"add":[26],"to":[27,49,118,124,188,199,224],"efficiency.":[28],"We":[29],"build":[30],"on":[31],"contributions":[32],"both":[34],"\u2018firm":[35,159],"capabilities\u2019":[36,160],"scholars":[37],"(e.g.":[38,47],"Teece,":[39],"Pisano":[40],"et":[41],"al.)":[42],"\u2018property":[44],"rights\u2019":[45],"economists":[46],"Hart)":[48],"show":[50,110],"that":[51,111,148],"affect":[54],"efficiency":[55],"by":[56,80,94,100,143],"influencing":[57],"the":[58,69,90,95,101,113,125,162,178,189,218,230],"location":[59,179],"technological":[61],"innovation.":[62],"Using":[63],"simple":[65],"set":[66],"up,":[67],"where":[68,233],"key":[70],"choice":[71,91],"whether":[73],"technology-intensive":[75],"input":[76,166],"will":[77],"be":[78,205],"supplied":[79],"an":[81,225],"independent":[82,131],"firm":[83,181],"or":[84],"produced":[85],"in-house,":[86],"analyze":[88],"how":[89],"affected":[93],"strength":[96],"existence":[102],"(and":[103],"nature)":[104],"information":[106,121],"spillovers.":[107],"Specifically,":[108],"when":[112],"supply":[114],"relationship":[115],"likely":[117],"produce":[119],"new":[120],"value":[123],"supplier,":[126],"stronger":[127],"favor":[130],"suppliers":[132],"over":[133],"vertical":[134],"integration.":[135],"An":[136],"important":[137],"implication":[138],"our":[140],"model":[141],"(backed":[142],"empirical":[144],"case":[145],"studies)":[146],"strong":[149,158],"therefore":[151,169],"encourage":[152],"investments":[153],"firms":[156,236],"with":[157,174,195],"area":[163],"innovative":[165],"supply.":[167],"may":[170],"play":[171,237],"role\u2014along":[173],"multiple":[175],"other":[176],"factors\u2014in":[177],"boundaries":[182],"some":[184,202],"cases.":[185],"This":[186],"contribution":[187],"viability":[190],"small,":[192],"firms,":[194],"their":[196],"superior":[197],"ability":[198],"innovate":[200],"cases,":[203],"must":[204],"taken":[206],"into":[207],"account":[208],"evaluating":[210],"recent":[211],"criticisms":[212],"over-fragmented":[214],"IPR":[215],"ownership":[216],"(i.e.":[217],"\u2018anticommons\u2019":[219],"problem).":[220],"It":[221],"also":[222],"contributes":[223],"understanding":[226],"\u2018post-Chandlerian\u2019":[231],"economy,":[232],"smaller,":[234],"prominent":[239],"role.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
