{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2086503271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/piee.1966.0149","title":"Low-frequency drift reduction in the integration of repetitive signals","display_name":"Low-frequency drift reduction in the integration of repetitive signals","publication_year":1966,"publication_date":"1966-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2086503271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/piee.1966.0149","mag":"2086503271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1049/piee.1966.0149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/piee.1966.0149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/piee.1966.0149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235475","display_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers","issn_l":"0020-3270","issn":["0020-3270","2053-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800662","host_organization_name":"Institution of Electrical Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800662"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Electrical Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109877968","display_name":"D.J. Grover","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D.J. Grover","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marconi Instruments Ltd., St. Albans, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marconi Instruments Ltd., St. Albans, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109877968"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8247,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7497282,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"113","issue":"5","first_page":"895","last_page":"895"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12300","display_name":"Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques","score":0.012199999764561653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11034","display_name":"Digital Filter Design and Implementation","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-frequency-drift","display_name":"low-frequency drift","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drift-reduction","display_name":"drift reduction","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ferrite-core","display_name":"ferrite core","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1-f-noise","display_name":"1/f noise","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-frequency-attenuation","display_name":"low-frequency attenuation","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-response","display_name":"phase response","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drift-correction","display_name":"drift correction","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-integration","display_name":"signal integration","score":0.40799999237060547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79518650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081431","display_name":"Integrator","level":3,"score":0.7799804210662842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.731427788734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44682112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918242","display_name":"Low-pass filter","level":3,"score":0.559742271900177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66907618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207527","display_name":"Sine wave","level":3,"score":0.5086463689804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4876228868961334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182099602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2660678","display_name":"Frequency synthesizer","level":4,"score":0.4826131761074066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104892082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156810","display_name":"Low frequency","level":2,"score":0.4780457615852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.46946990489959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.46129950881004333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4568006694316864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4525725543498993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6142545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455881","display_name":"Cutoff frequency","level":2,"score":0.43490350246429443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8590192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054694","display_name":"Frequency response","level":2,"score":0.4240090250968933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.36097750067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12707504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52637","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","level":3,"score":0.34526199102401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29452717304229736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.18820634484291077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.18500840663909912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17571505904197693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.17005810141563416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15544569492340088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14504805207252502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1049/piee.1966.0149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/piee.1966.0149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/piee.1966.0149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235475","display_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers","issn_l":"0020-3270","issn":["0020-3270","2053-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800662","host_organization_name":"Institution of Electrical Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800662"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Electrical Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W651385919","https://openalex.org/W1964448661","https://openalex.org/W2071208322"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2613964090","https://openalex.org/W2544664190","https://openalex.org/W3015187521","https://openalex.org/W2783699357","https://openalex.org/W2019400996","https://openalex.org/W2170956092","https://openalex.org/W1024538383","https://openalex.org/W1980724970","https://openalex.org/W2041305571","https://openalex.org/W2043447927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,177],"integration":[1],"of":[2,34,38,52,102,129,165,171,174,205],"very":[3,96],"small":[4,97],"signals,":[5,43],"over":[6,114],"periods":[7],"long":[8],"compared":[9,62],"to":[10,18,28,47,56,63,69,122,132,139,155,189,196,225],"the":[11,35,39,49,53,64,78,119,127,130,148,166,169,175,184,190,193,198,203,215,219,223],"signal":[12,124,131],"duration,":[13],"causes":[14],"severe":[15],"problems":[16],"owing":[17],"drift":[19,32,104,167],"in":[20,67,117,147,192],"amplifiers":[21],"and":[22,81,186,230],"integrators.":[23],"It":[24,110],"is":[25,45,60,84,153,180,187,200,208],"particularly":[26],"desirable":[27],"filter":[29],"out":[30],"low-frequency":[31,82,103,123,206],"because":[33],"1/f":[36],"characteristic":[37,80],"integrator.":[40],"For":[41],"repetitive":[42,156],"it":[44,145],"necessary":[46,85],"maintain":[48,70],"frequency":[50,58],"response":[51,224],"system":[54],"down":[55,138],"a":[57,91,100],"which":[59,152],"low":[61],"repetition":[65],"frequency,":[66,142],"order":[68],"an":[71,112,226],"acceptable":[72],"phase":[73,79],"characteristic.":[74],"A":[75],"compromise":[76],"between":[77],"attenuation":[83,105,120,149,204],"using":[86],"conventional":[87],"filters.In":[88],"connection":[89],"with":[90,158],"hysteresis":[92],"loop":[93],"tracer":[94],"for":[95,106,218,222],"ferrite":[98],"cores,":[99],"method":[101],"integrators":[107],"was":[108],"developed.":[109],"has":[111],"advantage":[113],"previous":[115],"methods":[116],"that":[118,202],"applies":[121],"errors,":[125],"while":[126,213],"bandwidth":[128],"be":[133,136],"integrated":[134],"may":[135],"maintained":[137],"any":[140],"desired":[141],"even":[143],"though":[144],"lies":[146],"band.The":[150],"method,":[151],"applicable":[154],"signals":[157],"zero":[159],"d.c.":[160],"component":[161],"only,":[162],"integrates":[163],"samples":[164],"at":[168],"end":[170],"successive":[172],"cycles":[173],"signal.":[176,220],"sample":[178],"integral":[179],"held":[181],"constant":[182],"during":[183],"cycle,":[185],"applied":[188],"input":[191],"appropriate":[194],"sense":[195],"correct":[197],"drift.It":[199],"shown":[201],"errors":[207],"12":[209],"dB":[210],"per":[211],"octave,":[212],"maintaining":[214],"band-width":[216],"required":[217],"Expressions":[221],"impulse,":[227],"step":[228],"function":[229],"sinewave":[231],"are":[232],"derived.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}