{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2085962329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1975.8-333","title":"DO ELEPHANTS EVER FORGET?1","display_name":"DO ELEPHANTS EVER FORGET?1","publication_year":1975,"publication_date":"1975-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2085962329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1975.8-333","mag":"2085962329","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1184496","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1311860"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1901/jaba.1975.8-333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1975.8-333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1975.8-333","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1901/jaba.1975.8-333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125122479","display_name":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis","issn_l":"0021-8855","issn":["0021-8855","1938-3703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1901/jaba.1975.8-333","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006714911","display_name":"Hal Markowitz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55486353","display_name":"Reed College","ror":"https://ror.org/00a6ram87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55486353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hal Markowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["OREGON ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER AND REED COLLEGE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OREGON ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER AND REED COLLEGE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55486353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051159963","display_name":"Michael J. Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9237-7910","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9237-7910"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55486353","display_name":"Reed College","ror":"https://ror.org/00a6ram87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55486353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["OREGON ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER AND REED COLLEGE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OREGON ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER AND REED COLLEGE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55486353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079450355","display_name":"Leonie Nadal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55486353","display_name":"Reed College","ror":"https://ror.org/00a6ram87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55486353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonie Nadal","raw_affiliation_strings":["OREGON ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER AND REED COLLEGE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OREGON ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER AND REED COLLEGE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55486353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033354966","display_name":"Leslie Squier","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55486353","display_name":"Reed College","ror":"https://ror.org/00a6ram87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55486353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leslie Squier","raw_affiliation_strings":["OREGON ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER AND REED COLLEGE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OREGON ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER AND REED COLLEGE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55486353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006714911"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55486353"],"apc_list":{"value":3470,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3470},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2792,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52193138,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"333","last_page":"335"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.5077999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.5077999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.1331000030040741,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.10809999704360962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elephants","display_name":"elephants","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asian-elephant","display_name":"Asian elephant","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-retention","display_name":"long-term retention","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-dark-discrimination","display_name":"light-dark discrimination","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-disturbances","display_name":"visual disturbances","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory","display_name":"memory","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-learning","display_name":"animal learning","score":0.4269999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6888185143470764}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001522","descriptor_name":"Behavior, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003216","descriptor_name":"Conditioning, Operant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004606","descriptor_name":"Elephants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008568","descriptor_name":"Memory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1901/jaba.1975.8-333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1975.8-333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1975.8-333","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1901/jaba.1975.8-333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125122479","display_name":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis","issn_l":"0021-8855","issn":["0021-8855","1938-3703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:98324","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC1311860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1311860","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1311860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Appl Behav Anal","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:1184496","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1184496","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of applied behavior analysis","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1901/jaba.1975.8-333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1975.8-333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1975.8-333","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1901/jaba.1975.8-333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125122479","display_name":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis","issn_l":"0021-8855","issn":["0021-8855","1938-3703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2085962329.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2085962329.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008946779","https://openalex.org/W4250318370"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084825218","https://openalex.org/W2292712485","https://openalex.org/W925043818","https://openalex.org/W3211455861","https://openalex.org/W7096285871","https://openalex.org/W2307931975","https://openalex.org/W2276094603","https://openalex.org/W4240736222","https://openalex.org/W2906742214","https://openalex.org/W2304698441"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Three":[0],"adult":[1],"female":[2],"elephants":[3],"(Elephas":[4],"maximus)":[5],"were":[6,40],"tested":[7],"on":[8],"a":[9],"light-dark":[10],"discrimination":[11],"problem":[12],"with":[13],"an":[14],"8-yr":[15],"intertrial":[16],"interval.":[17],"The":[18,36],"first":[19],"subject":[20],"took":[21],"only":[22,30],"6":[23],"min":[24],"to":[25,42],"reach":[26],"criterion":[27],"and":[28],"made":[29],"two":[31,38],"errors,":[32],"suggesting":[33],"remarkable":[34],"retention.":[35],"other":[37],"subjects":[39],"found":[41],"have":[43,48],"visual":[44],"anomalies":[45],"that":[46],"would":[47],"gone":[49],"undetected":[50],"without":[51],"this":[52],"research.":[53]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
