{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2085804986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.33.43","title":"Ocular Surface Area as an Informative Index of Visual Ergonomics.","display_name":"Ocular Surface Area as an Informative Index of Visual Ergonomics.","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2085804986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.33.43","mag":"2085804986","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7493821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2486/indhealth.33.43","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.33.43","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.33.43","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/indhealth1963/33/2/33_2_43/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132866914","display_name":"Industrial Health","issn_l":"0019-8366","issn":["0019-8366","1880-8026"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313581","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313581"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"INDUSTRIAL HEALTH","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/indhealth1963/33/2/33_2_43/_pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014389656","display_name":"Midori Sotoyama","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Midori SOTOYAMA","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Industrial Health, Kawasaki, Japan","National Institute of Industrial Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Industrial Health, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Industrial Health","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035795109","display_name":"Maria Beatriz G. VILLANUEVA","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Beatriz G. VILLANUEVA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nagoya University, School of Medicine","Nagoya University School of Med"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nagoya University, School of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nagoya University School of Med","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004955076","display_name":"Hiroshi Jonai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6363-1438","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6363-1438"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroshi JONAI","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Industrial Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Industrial Health","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024566838","display_name":"Susumu Saito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2684-7018","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2684-7018"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susumu SAITO","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Industrial Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Industrial Health","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.7098,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97857143,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"2","first_page":"43","last_page":"55"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13866","display_name":"Occupational health in dentistry","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3500","display_name":"General Dentistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13315","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-ergonomics","display_name":"visual ergonomics","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-fatigue","display_name":"visual fatigue","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-irritation","display_name":"eye irritation","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/palpebral-fissure-width","display_name":"palpebral fissure width","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-display-terminals","display_name":"visual display terminals","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/office-work","display_name":"office work","score":0.7170000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42558546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7128693","display_name":"Palpebral fissure","level":2,"score":0.9574753642082214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.5536202788352966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777464272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5309747","display_name":"Dryness","level":2,"score":0.5434903502464294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.507698655128479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.4620700478553772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4072304964065552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38926106691360474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.3708711266517639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29694066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301","display_name":"Orthodontics","level":1,"score":0.32040125131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2807815968990326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.27477115392684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.17555585503578186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.10613265633583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005123","descriptor_name":"Eye","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006804","descriptor_name":"Ergonomics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009799","descriptor_name":"Ocular Physiological Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014785","descriptor_name":"Vision, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016288","descriptor_name":"Computer Terminals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2486/indhealth.33.43","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.33.43","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.33.43","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/indhealth1963/33/2/33_2_43/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132866914","display_name":"Industrial Health","issn_l":"0019-8366","issn":["0019-8366","1880-8026"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313581","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313581"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"INDUSTRIAL HEALTH","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:7493821","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7493821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial health","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2486/indhealth.33.43","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.33.43","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.33.43","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/indhealth1963/33/2/33_2_43/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132866914","display_name":"Industrial Health","issn_l":"0019-8366","issn":["0019-8366","1880-8026"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313581","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313581"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"INDUSTRIAL HEALTH","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2085804986.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2085804986.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010823118","https://openalex.org/W2025422639","https://openalex.org/W2025701127","https://openalex.org/W2072341380","https://openalex.org/W2074686009","https://openalex.org/W2080904686","https://openalex.org/W2128907831","https://openalex.org/W2192265260","https://openalex.org/W2419167588","https://openalex.org/W2427663106"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516751474","https://openalex.org/W2125050708","https://openalex.org/W2332476436","https://openalex.org/W2025422639","https://openalex.org/W2316108264","https://openalex.org/W7217636817","https://openalex.org/W2949818630","https://openalex.org/W2328521395","https://openalex.org/W2324721225","https://openalex.org/W1192190650"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"large":[1,38],"ocular":[2,21],"surface":[3,22,45],"area":[4],"(OSA)":[5],"is":[6,23,52,194,208],"thought":[7,103],"to":[8,26,47,104],"be":[9,105],"one":[10,53],"of":[11,14,43,54,59,79,91,100,170],"the":[12,41,55,85,89,92,113,154,167,175],"causes":[13],"eye":[15,18,44],"irritation":[16],"and":[17,70,82,95,173,187,196,206],"fatigue.":[19],"Because":[20],"very":[24],"sensitive":[25],"various":[27],"irritants":[28],"such":[29,48],"as":[30],"dust,":[31],"heat,":[32],"dryness,":[33],"air":[34],"flow,":[35],"etc.,":[36],"a":[37,185,189,192,202],"OSA":[39,51,67,160,171,178],"increases":[40],"possibility":[42],"exposure":[46],"irritants.":[49],"Thus,":[50],"most":[56],"important":[57],"indices":[58],"visual":[60],"ergonomics.":[61],"This":[62],"paper":[63,164],"aims":[64],"at":[65],"making":[66],"an":[68,76],"exact":[69],"practical":[71,168],"index":[72],"by":[73],"first":[74],"describing":[75],"accurate":[77],"method":[78],"measuring":[80],"it,":[81],"then":[83],"clarifying":[84],"relationship":[86],"between":[87,177],"OSA,":[88],"width":[90,152],"palpebral":[93,155],"fissure,":[94],"vertical":[96,146],"gaze":[97,147],"direction,":[98],"all":[99],"which":[101],"are":[102],"strongly":[106],"correlated":[107],"with":[108],"each":[109],"other.":[110],"We":[111],"derived":[112],"following":[114],"equations:":[115],"1)":[116],"y":[117,126,158],"=":[118,123,127,132,136,141,145,151,159],"0.039x1":[119],"+":[120],"3.36,":[121],"r":[122,131,140],"0.99,":[124],"2)":[125],"3.05x2":[128],"-":[129,138],"0.39,":[130],"0.97,":[133,142],"3)":[134],"x1":[135,144],"72.7x2":[137],"91.4,":[139],"where":[143],"direction":[148],"(degrees),":[149],"x2":[150],"or":[153],"fissure":[156],"(cm),":[157],"(cm2).":[161],"Finally,":[162],"this":[163],"also":[165],"introduces":[166],"applications":[169],"measurement,":[172],"notes":[174],"differences":[176],"when":[179,197],"VDT":[180,203],"work":[181,200],"(word":[182],"processing":[183],"using":[184,191],"keyboard":[186],"drawing":[188],"picture":[190],"mouse)":[193],"performed":[195],"traditional":[198],"office":[199],"without":[201],"(reading,":[204],"drawing,":[205],"writing)":[207],"performed.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
