{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2085728285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.92.2.137","title":"Cognitive coordinate systems: Accounts of mental rotation and individual differences in spatial ability.","display_name":"Cognitive coordinate systems: Accounts of mental rotation and individual differences in spatial ability.","publication_year":1985,"publication_date":"1985-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2085728285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.92.2.137","mag":"2085728285","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3887449"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/0033-295x.92.2.137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.92.2.137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.92.2.137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35223124","display_name":"Psychological Review","issn_l":"0033-295X","issn":["0033-295X","1939-1471"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052643318","display_name":"Marcel Adam Just","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1245-3050","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1245-3050"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcel A. Just","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie-Mellon U"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon U","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039227836","display_name":"Patricia A. Carpenter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patricia A. Carpenter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":38.0554,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":664,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99938291,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"92","issue":"2","first_page":"137","last_page":"172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-rotation","display_name":"mental rotation","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-ability","display_name":"spatial ability","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-differences","display_name":"individual differences","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production-systems","display_name":"production systems","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-simulation-model","display_name":"computer simulation model","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procedural-knowledge","display_name":"procedural knowledge","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reaction-time-psychology","display_name":"reaction time (psychology)","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-tests","display_name":"psychometric tests","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-problem-solving","display_name":"spatial problem solving","score":0.3400000035762787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68867621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257360","display_name":"Mental rotation","level":3,"score":0.8970105648040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.7046501636505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6643266081809998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6560494899749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778662690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3125339","display_name":"Spatial ability","level":3,"score":0.5789148211479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777371692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2178611","display_name":"Spatial cognition","level":3,"score":0.5152125954627991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4714582562446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.43960005044937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170494330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778434","display_name":"Cognitive map","level":3,"score":0.4291546046733856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23715782165527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18989038467407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.1681150496006012}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011340","descriptor_name":"Problem Solving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012399","descriptor_name":"Rotation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013028","descriptor_name":"Space Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/0033-295x.92.2.137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.92.2.137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.92.2.137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35223124","display_name":"Psychological Review","issn_l":"0033-295X","issn":["0033-295X","1939-1471"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037//0033-295x.92.2.137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.92.2.137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.92.2.137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35223124","display_name":"Psychological Review","issn_l":"0033-295X","issn":["0033-295X","1939-1471"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:3887449","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3887449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological review","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.211.5377","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.211.5377","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://wexler.free.fr/library/files/just%20(1985)%20cognitive%20coordinate%20systems.%20accounts%20of%20mental%20rotation%20and%20individual%20differences%20in%20spatial%20ability.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.cmu.edu:psychology-1732","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.cmu.edu/psychology/733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050927","display_name":"KiltHub Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","host_organization_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Department of Psychology","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:ADA146149","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA146149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923043","display_name":"Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"DTIC AND NTIS","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W14093824","https://openalex.org/W194063319","https://openalex.org/W259826384","https://openalex.org/W425101172","https://openalex.org/W572320790","https://openalex.org/W593759697","https://openalex.org/W655464054","https://openalex.org/W1502719266","https://openalex.org/W1529219430","https://openalex.org/W1546175221","https://openalex.org/W1698208476","https://openalex.org/W1710862197","https://openalex.org/W1713860733","https://openalex.org/W1744669670","https://openalex.org/W1969319364","https://openalex.org/W1978170337","https://openalex.org/W1982353489","https://openalex.org/W1983206718","https://openalex.org/W1985030986","https://openalex.org/W1985270055","https://openalex.org/W2002619025","https://openalex.org/W2005133892","https://openalex.org/W2007361173","https://openalex.org/W2021858614","https://openalex.org/W2022928569","https://openalex.org/W2032666129","https://openalex.org/W2035130080","https://openalex.org/W2042188990","https://openalex.org/W2043756669","https://openalex.org/W2046020536","https://openalex.org/W2048277917","https://openalex.org/W2058235298","https://openalex.org/W2058322089","https://openalex.org/W2058747821","https://openalex.org/W2059030846","https://openalex.org/W2060247914","https://openalex.org/W2065343501","https://openalex.org/W2065637902","https://openalex.org/W2071273439","https://openalex.org/W2081519360","https://openalex.org/W2088963425","https://openalex.org/W2089412241","https://openalex.org/W2089911038","https://openalex.org/W2091240043","https://openalex.org/W2092449785","https://openalex.org/W2093667796","https://openalex.org/W2098181550","https://openalex.org/W2101238389","https://openalex.org/W2110547548","https://openalex.org/W2141199214","https://openalex.org/W2157145031","https://openalex.org/W2165104924","https://openalex.org/W2315969544","https://openalex.org/W2325530207","https://openalex.org/W2594984381","https://openalex.org/W2906896660","https://openalex.org/W3128452343","https://openalex.org/W3150307836","https://openalex.org/W4205608686","https://openalex.org/W4242882926","https://openalex.org/W4248366799","https://openalex.org/W4254965065"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097490144","https://openalex.org/W2074439400","https://openalex.org/W2966988946","https://openalex.org/W2079692956","https://openalex.org/W4408993144","https://openalex.org/W4229603836","https://openalex.org/W2041183048","https://openalex.org/W566129589","https://openalex.org/W4396770575","https://openalex.org/W2069674630"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Strategic":[0],"differences":[1,150,161],"in":[2,8,27,33],"spatial":[3,38,90],"tasks":[4],"can":[5],"be":[6],"explained":[7],"terms":[9],"of":[10,20,37,49,69,80,84,86,132,166],"different":[11],"cognitive":[12],"coordinate":[13,42],"systems":[14],"that":[15,110,137],"subjects":[16],"adopt.":[17],"The":[18,73,100,126],"strategy":[19],"mental":[21,29,82],"rotation":[22,30,83],"(of":[23],"the":[24,46,70,81,114,119,123,141,152,156,163],"type":[25],"used":[26],"most":[28],"experiments":[31],"and":[32,56,88,139,159],"some":[34],"psychometric":[35,98],"tests":[36],"ability)":[39],"uses":[40],"a":[41,76],"system":[43],"defined":[44],"by":[45],"standard":[47,71],"axes":[48],"our":[50],"visual":[51],"world":[52],"(i.e.":[53],"horizontal,":[54],"vertical,":[55],"depth":[57],"axes).":[58],"Within":[59],"this":[60],"strategy,":[61],"rotations":[62],"are":[63],"performed":[64],"around":[65],"one":[66],"or":[67],"more":[68],"axes.":[72],"paper":[74],"provides":[75],"detailed":[77],"theoretical":[78],"account":[79],"individuals":[85],"low":[87],"high":[89],"ability":[91],"as":[92,104],"they":[93],"solve":[94,113],"problems":[95],"taken":[96],"from":[97],"tests.":[99],"theory":[101],"is":[102],"instantiated":[103],"two":[105,124,153,164],"related":[106],"computer":[107],"simulation":[108,127],"models":[109,128,154],"not":[111],"only":[112],"problems,":[115],"but":[116],"also":[117],"match":[118],"response":[120],"times":[121],"for":[122],"groups.":[125],"contain":[129],"modularized":[130],"units":[131],"procedural":[133],"knowledge":[134,146],"called":[135],"productions,":[136],"select":[138],"execute":[140],"appropriate":[142],"actions":[143],"at":[144],"each":[145],"state.":[147],"Small":[148],"localized":[149],"between":[151,162],"simulate":[155],"large":[157],"quantitative":[158],"qualitative":[160],"groups":[165],"subjects.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}