{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2085649217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3665731","title":"Direct Employee Stock Ownership: An Empirical Investigation","display_name":"Direct Employee Stock Ownership: An Empirical Investigation","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2085649217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3665731","mag":"2085649217"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/3665731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3665731","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3665731","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157946625","display_name":"Financial Management","issn_l":"0046-3892","issn":["0046-3892","1755-053X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Financial Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069650923","display_name":"James A. Brickley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James A. Brickley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055102326","display_name":"Kathleen T. Hevert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathleen T. Hevert","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2850},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6524,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96193817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"2","first_page":"70","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.7221999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.7221999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.1307000070810318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12121","display_name":"Cooperative Studies and Economics","score":0.1151999980211258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-ownership","display_name":"employee ownership","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-ownership-structure","display_name":"corporate ownership structure","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stock-return-volatility","display_name":"stock return volatility","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-education","display_name":"employee education","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-tenure","display_name":"job tenure","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive-effects","display_name":"incentive effects","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-rider-problem","display_name":"free-rider problem","score":0.7950000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.7115722298622131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204036174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909380","display_name":"Stock (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.46501949429512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73283319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416617","display_name":"Financial system","level":1,"score":0.3657212555408478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.038231223821640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/3665731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3665731","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3665731","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157946625","display_name":"Financial Management","issn_l":"0046-3892","issn":["0046-3892","1755-053X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Financial Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7257999777793884}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566344170","https://openalex.org/W2083257361","https://openalex.org/W2133469585","https://openalex.org/W2143674845"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2476405764","https://openalex.org/W7019008271","https://openalex.org/W2290729740","https://openalex.org/W7009560462","https://openalex.org/W3035913594","https://openalex.org/W7007973502","https://openalex.org/W2767508241","https://openalex.org/W2499602498","https://openalex.org/W7169501841","https://openalex.org/W1538231963"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"companies":[1],"have":[2,17],"acted":[3],"to":[4,53,63],"increase":[5],"direct":[6],"stock":[7,41,58,85],"ownership":[8,25,42,49,86],"among":[9],"their":[10],"employees.":[11],"For":[12],"most":[13],"firms,":[14],"these":[15],"actions":[16],"not":[18,88],"resulted":[19],"in":[20,23],"major":[21],"changes":[22],"the":[24,28,36,54,64,73],"structure":[26],"of":[27,39,47,57,70],"firm.":[29,74],"However,":[30],"from":[31],"a":[32],"personal":[33],"portfolio":[34],"standpoint,":[35],"typical":[37],"level":[38,46],"employee":[40],"appears":[43],"appreciable.":[44],"The":[45],"individual":[48],"is":[50],"negatively":[51],"related":[52,62],"standard":[55],"deviation":[56],"returns":[59],"and":[60,68,100],"positively":[61],"individual's":[65],"wealth,":[66],"education":[67],"years":[69],"employment":[71],"with":[72,84],"Several":[75],"arguments":[76,96],"are":[77],"made":[78],"for":[79],"why":[80],"incentive":[81],"effects":[82],"associated":[83],"should":[87],"be":[89],"ruled":[90],"out":[91],"based":[92],"on":[93],"traditional":[94],"free-rider":[95],"without":[97],"additional":[98],"theoretical":[99],"empirical":[101],"analysis.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-12T09:15:50.089291","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
