{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2085641598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/468050","title":"The Effect of Judicial Institutions on Uncertainty and the Rate of Litigation: The Election Versus Appointment of State Judges","display_name":"The Effect of Judicial Institutions on Uncertainty and the Rate of Litigation: The Election Versus Appointment of State Judges","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2085641598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/468050","mag":"2085641598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/468050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/468050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/468050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9231424","display_name":"The Journal of Legal Studies","issn_l":"0047-2530","issn":["0047-2530","1537-5366"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Legal Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000125205","display_name":"F. Andrew Hanssen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","display_name":"Montana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w0trx84","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399","https://openalex.org/I4210126032"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"F.\u00a0Andrew Hanssen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant professor of economics, Montana State University. I would like to thank Terry Anderson, Rob Fleck, Rob Gertner, Ron Johnson, Dean Lueck, John Moorhouse, Sam Peltzman, Ted Snyder, Lars Stole, and seminar participants at Montana State University and the University of Chicago for many helpful comments. Special thanks to the editor and an anonymous referee"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant professor of economics, Montana State University. I would like to thank Terry Anderson, Rob Fleck, Rob Gertner, Ron Johnson, Dean Lueck, John Moorhouse, Sam Peltzman, Ted Snyder, Lars Stole, and seminar participants at Montana State University and the University of Chicago for many helpful comments. Special thanks to the editor and an anonymous referee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000125205"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399","https://openalex.org/I40347166"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.0571,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":149,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9915124,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"1","first_page":"205","last_page":"232"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10802","display_name":"Judicial and Constitutional Studies","score":0.7153000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10802","display_name":"Judicial and Constitutional Studies","score":0.7153000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.28220000863075256,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14115","display_name":"Legal processes and jurisprudence","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judicial-independence","display_name":"judicial independence","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elected-judges","display_name":"elected judges","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-courts","display_name":"state courts","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/litigation-rates","display_name":"litigation rates","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judicial-institutions","display_name":"judicial institutions","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judicial-elections","display_name":"judicial elections","score":0.3199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79638320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3059233","display_name":"Judicial independence","level":3,"score":0.6395235061645508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6359553337097168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.6113146543502808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5843860507011414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5670958161354065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.5123265981674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171460291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3400787","display_name":"Judicial discretion","level":3,"score":0.4383329451084137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48764862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898871","display_name":"Judicial review","level":2,"score":0.19847986102104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778272461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190752","display_name":"Supreme court","level":2,"score":0.1783531904220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14578083157539368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0707150399684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0545707643032074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/468050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/468050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/468050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9231424","display_name":"The Journal of Legal Studies","issn_l":"0047-2530","issn":["0047-2530","1537-5366"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Legal Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:chicagounbound.uchicago.edu:jls-1681","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/jls/vol28/iss1/7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Legal Studies","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3125686434","https://openalex.org/W162599357","https://openalex.org/W7099060737","https://openalex.org/W3183666246","https://openalex.org/W7098681273","https://openalex.org/W1524434689","https://openalex.org/W256786260","https://openalex.org/W2792024522","https://openalex.org/W7027344129","https://openalex.org/W2139980981"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"compares":[2],"litigation":[3,25,29,55,67,85],"in":[4],"appointed":[5,14,59],"and":[6],"elected":[7,20],"state":[8,76],"courts.":[9],"Scholars":[10],"have":[11],"concluded":[12],"that":[13,28,44,94],"judges":[15,57,69,87],"are":[16,58,70,88],"more":[17,54,66,84],"independent":[18],"than":[19],"judges.":[21],"Models":[22],"of":[23,75],"the":[24,42,92],"process":[26],"suggest":[27],"rates":[30],"will":[31],"be":[32],"higher":[33],"where":[34,56,68,86],"uncertainty":[35],"over":[36],"court":[37,77],"decisions":[38],"is":[39],"greater.":[40],"If":[41],"institutions":[43],"promote":[45],"judicial":[46,95],"independence":[47,96],"increase":[48],"uncertainty,":[49,65],"one":[50],"should":[51],"therefore":[52],"find":[53],"and,":[60],"if":[61],"instead":[62],"they":[63],"decrease":[64],"elected.":[71],"Examining":[72],"three":[73],"samples":[74],"litigation,":[78],"this":[79],"analysis":[80],"finds,":[81],"on":[82,102],"balance,":[83],"appointed,":[89],"consistent":[90],"with":[91],"hypothesis":[93],"has":[97],"a":[98],"net":[99],"positive":[100],"effect":[101],"decision":[103],"uncertainty.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}