{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2085545757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.156.3783.1699","title":"The Pure-Science Ideal and Democratic Culture","display_name":"The Pure-Science Ideal and Democratic Culture","publication_year":1967,"publication_date":"1967-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2085545757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.156.3783.1699","mag":"2085545757","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17813029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.156.3783.1699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.156.3783.1699","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.156.3783.1699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108472599","display_name":"George H. Daniels","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"George H. Daniels","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108472599"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.9751,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99457259,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"156","issue":"3783","first_page":"1699","last_page":"1705"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.9692000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.9692000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12445","display_name":"Twentieth Century Scientific Developments","score":0.011500000022351742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14487","display_name":"Science and Science Education","score":0.007600000128149986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-science","display_name":"pure science","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-culture","display_name":"democratic culture","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-support-for-science","display_name":"public support for science","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/utility-of-science","display_name":"utility of science","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charles-sanders-peirce","display_name":"Charles Sanders Peirce","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-and-society","display_name":"science and society","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-professionalization","display_name":"scientific professionalization","score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-understanding-of-science","display_name":"public understanding of science","score":0.5879999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776639384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840396","display_name":"Ideal (ethics)","level":2,"score":0.7358702421188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.6627064943313599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38339871168136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.24675911664962769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.2448539435863495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09490230679512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.05945494771003723}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.156.3783.1699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.156.3783.1699","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.156.3783.1699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:17813029","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17813029","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986484432","https://openalex.org/W1994769130","https://openalex.org/W2000905768","https://openalex.org/W2003636756","https://openalex.org/W2008597191","https://openalex.org/W2010077530","https://openalex.org/W2016609365","https://openalex.org/W2030415573","https://openalex.org/W2057361962","https://openalex.org/W2065285079","https://openalex.org/W2081399007","https://openalex.org/W2083360134","https://openalex.org/W2083806064","https://openalex.org/W2427495884","https://openalex.org/W3203558052","https://openalex.org/W4249405846","https://openalex.org/W4316253408"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1616431564","https://openalex.org/W7084258367","https://openalex.org/W3175450467","https://openalex.org/W1981846614","https://openalex.org/W2970697260","https://openalex.org/W2334901197","https://openalex.org/W17070543","https://openalex.org/W4386934690","https://openalex.org/W2592157384","https://openalex.org/W2809280459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"These":[0],"early":[1],"experiences":[2],"of":[3,11,31,56,62,65,87,92,133,154,165,220,234,243],"pure":[4,33],"scientists":[5,135,235],"will":[6,226,255],"have":[7,136,191],"an":[8],"unmistakable":[9],"ring":[10],"familiarity":[12],"to":[13,46,139,150,172,184,206,216],"anyone":[14],"familiar":[15],"with":[16,23,89],"the":[17,28,32,44,53,63,90,93,97,108,125,131,144,169,175,185,188,209,231,241,253],"current":[18],"situation.":[19],"Charles":[20],"Sanders":[21],"Peirce,":[22],"characteristic":[24],"insight,":[25],"had":[26],"stated":[27],"fundamental":[29],"dilemma":[30],"scientist":[34],"operating":[35],"within":[36],"a":[37,75,119,181,218],"democratic":[38],"framework.":[39],"How":[40],"can":[41],"one":[42,57,70],"ask":[43],"public":[45,80],"provide":[47],"support,":[48],"much":[49],"less":[50],"facilities,":[51],"for":[52,204],"intellectual":[54],"gratification":[55],"select":[58],"group?":[59],"A":[60],"part":[61],"answer,":[64],"course,":[66],"is":[67,77,214,248],"simply":[68],"that":[69,143,174,244,252],"cannot.":[71],"As":[72],"long":[73],"as":[74,122,124],"group":[76],"dependent":[78],"upon":[79,240],"support":[81,151],"it":[82,99,102],"must":[83],"seek":[84],"some":[85,105],"means":[86],"contact":[88],"values":[91],"enveloping":[94],"society,":[95],"and":[96,162,177,198],"moment":[98],"does":[100],"this":[101,237],"departs":[103],"in":[104,195,236],"measure":[106],"from":[107],"ideal":[109,127],"purity.":[110],"The":[111],"schizophrenic":[112],"attitude":[113],"described":[114],"by":[115],"Dubos":[116],"therefore":[117],"became":[118],"professional":[120],"necessity":[121],"soon":[123],"new":[126],"was":[128,158],"adopted.":[129],"Since":[130,230],"time":[132],"Gould,":[134],"been":[137,193,201],"able":[138],"tell":[140],"each":[141],"other":[142],"man":[145],"who":[146],"based":[147],"science's":[148],"claim":[149],"on":[152],"grounds":[153],"immediate":[155],"practical":[156],"utility":[157],"\"no":[159],"loyal":[160],"follower":[161],"true":[163],"friend":[164],"science\"":[166],"and,":[167],"at":[168],"same":[170],"time,":[171],"trust":[173],"popularizers":[176],"technicians":[178],"would":[179],"convey":[180],"different":[182],"message":[183],"public.":[186],"On":[187],"whole,":[189],"they":[190],"not":[192,215],"disappointed":[194],"their":[196],"expectation,":[197],"there":[199,247],"has":[200],"little":[202,249],"need":[203],"them":[205],"go":[207],"beyond":[208],"standard":[210],"formula":[211],":":[212],"Utility":[213],"be":[217],"test":[219],"scientific":[221],"work,":[222],"but":[223],"all":[224],"knowledge":[225],"ultimately":[227],"prove":[228],"useful.":[229],"continued":[232],"existence":[233],"society":[238],"depends":[239],"believability":[242],"vague":[245],"claim,":[246],"likelihood":[250],"hood":[251],"schizophrenia":[254],"disappear.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
