{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2085098780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/168966","title":"Physical conditions in photodissociation regions - Application to galactic nuclei","display_name":"Physical conditions in photodissociation regions - Application to galactic nuclei","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2085098780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/168966","mag":"2085098780"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/168966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/168966","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/168966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19910004800/downloads/19910004800.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mark G. Wolfire","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark G. Wolfire","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chicago Univ., IL, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chicago Univ., IL, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064747549","display_name":"Alexander G. G. M. Tielens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0306-0028","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0306-0028"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280536761","display_name":"Ames Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02acart68","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. G. G. M. Tielens","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055793246","display_name":"David J. Hollenbach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9265-042X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9265-042X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Hollenbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chicago, University, IL (USA)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chicago, University, IL (USA)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5453,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":203,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89655641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"358","issue":null,"first_page":"116","last_page":"116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodissociation-regions","display_name":"photodissociation regions","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galactic-nuclei","display_name":"galactic nuclei","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminous-infrared-galaxies","display_name":"luminous infrared galaxies","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interstellar-medium","display_name":"interstellar medium","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-clouds","display_name":"molecular clouds","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/far-ultraviolet-radiation-field","display_name":"far-ultraviolet radiation field","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-ratios","display_name":"line ratios","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-density","display_name":"gas density","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filling-factor","display_name":"filling factor","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galactic-center","display_name":"Galactic Center","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/m82","display_name":"M82","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/starburst-galaxies","display_name":"starburst galaxies","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interstellar-dust","display_name":"interstellar dust","score":0.36800000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54582936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16814","display_name":"Photodissociation","level":2,"score":0.8935289978981018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.7534062266349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6307497620582581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.6020843982696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776798109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11391","display_name":"Ultraviolet","level":2,"score":0.5822992324829102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86021447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272447","display_name":"Molecular cloud","level":3,"score":0.4992713928222656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151465644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054444","display_name":"Interstellar cloud","level":4,"score":0.48153239488601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.4710269570350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196939603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41872","display_name":"Interstellar medium","level":3,"score":0.4645417034626007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.4386121332645416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153642686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70906","display_name":"Infrared spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.4165036678314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.2610970139503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.16573086380958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.15807732939720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75473681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651","display_name":"Photochemistry","level":1,"score":0.10095009207725525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/168966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/168966","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/168966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov:19910004800","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910004800","pdf_url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19910004800/downloads/19910004800.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196257","display_name":"NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","host_organization_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CASI","raw_type":"The Interstellar Medium in External Galaxies: Summaries of Contributed Papers; p 37-39"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov:19910004800","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910004800","pdf_url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19910004800/downloads/19910004800.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196257","display_name":"NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","host_organization_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CASI","raw_type":"The Interstellar Medium in External Galaxies: Summaries of Contributed Papers; p 37-39"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2085098780.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2085098780.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093906672","https://openalex.org/W2039874334","https://openalex.org/W1603335429","https://openalex.org/W2078001023","https://openalex.org/W7097267313","https://openalex.org/W2997463921","https://openalex.org/W2090419336","https://openalex.org/W785837962","https://openalex.org/W2062070927","https://openalex.org/W6903436393"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Infrared":[0],"and":[1,60,65,84,130,140,157,197,206,218,222,225,257,324,362,469],"submillimeter":[2],"observations":[3,42],"are":[4,90,115,437,472],"used":[5],"in":[6,20,27,33,172,253,365,383,463,477,484],"a":[7,177,290,337,414,440],"simple":[8,134],"procedure":[9,232],"to":[10,103,132,143,194,235,249,369,475],"determine":[11,144,200],"average":[12,146,151],"physical":[13,461],"properties":[14],"of":[15,29,36,51,55,78,111,128,160,169,180,185,203,215,227,251,260,274,295,309,318,387,393,406,413,422,466,470],"the":[16,34,44,52,66,79,101,104,109,123,145,150,158,161,167,181,201,204,216,223,231,236,241,254,258,261,268,302,310,348,358,366,384,391,398,403,449,457,460,464,478,481],"neutral":[17,399],"interstellar":[18,182,400],"medium":[19,183,401],"Galactic":[21,237,255,304,311,360,451],"photodissociation":[22,106,125,238,270],"regions":[23],"as":[24,26,98,100,211,213,246,248],"well":[25,99,212,247],"ensembles":[28,250],"clouds":[30,113,170,252,317,349,435],"which":[31,114,136,286,436],"exist":[32],"nuclei":[35],"luminous":[37],"infrared":[38,46,49],"galaxies.":[39],"The":[40,75,373],"relevant":[41],"include":[43],"IRAS":[45],"continuum":[47,102],"measurements,":[48],"spectroscopy":[50],"fine-structure":[53],"lines":[54,89,97],"O":[56,80],"I":[57,81],"63":[58],"micron":[59,83,88],"C":[61],"II":[62,86,244],"158":[63],"micron,":[64],"2.6":[67],"mm":[68],"CO":[69],"(J":[70],"=":[71],"1-0)":[72],"rotational":[73],"transition.":[74],"diagnostic":[76],"capabilities":[77],"145":[82],"Si":[85,376],"35":[87],"also":[91],"addressed.":[92],"We":[93,121,265],"attribute":[94],"these":[95,388],"emission":[96],"atomic/molecular":[105],"region":[107,126,239,245,271,405,479],"on":[108],"surfaces":[110],"molecular":[112,186,205],"illuminated":[116,288],"by":[117,289,439],"strong":[118],"ultraviolet":[119,154,292],"fields.":[120],"use":[122],"theoretical":[124],"models":[127],"Tielens":[129],"Hollenbach":[131],"construct":[133],"diagrams":[135],"utilize":[137],"line":[138],"ratios":[139,142],"line-to-continuum":[141],"gas":[147,163,209,285,364,374],"density":[148,325],"n,":[149,195],"incident":[152],"far-":[153,291],"flux":[155],"G_0_,":[156,196],"temperature":[159],"atomic":[162,190,208,385],"T_a_.":[164],"In":[165,192],"modeling":[166],"ensemble":[168],"present":[171],"galactic":[173],"nuclei,":[174],"we":[175,199,313,395],"adopt":[176],"global":[178],"model":[179],"consisting":[184],"cloud":[187],"cores":[188],"with":[189,340,350],"envelopes.":[191],"addition":[193],"T_a_,":[198],"mass":[202],"warm":[207,275],"components":[210],"estimates":[214],"area":[217],"volume":[219],"filling":[220],"factors":[221],"number":[224],"radii":[226],"clouds.":[228,389],"As":[229],"examples,":[230],"is":[233,272,287,378],"applied":[234],"behind":[240],"Orion":[242,269],"H":[243],"center,":[256],"nucleus":[259],"starburst":[262],"galaxy":[263,468],"M82.":[264],"find":[266,314,396],"that":[267,397],"composed":[273],"(T":[276],"~":[277,282,297,315,321,327,342,353,370,418,425,430,444],"500":[278],"K)":[279],"high-density":[280],"(n":[281],"10^5^":[283,328,354],"cm^-3^)":[284],"radiation":[293,332,442],"field":[294,361,443],"intensity":[296,352],"2":[298],"x":[299,344,381,420,432],"10^4^":[300,433,445],"times":[301,355,446],"local":[303,359,450],"field.":[305,453],"Within":[306],"5":[307,431],"pc":[308,323,411],"center":[312,465],"100":[316],"size":[319],"r":[320,424],"0.4":[322,426],"n":[326,429],"cm^-3^.":[329],"A":[330],"far-ultraviolet":[331,441,452],"field,":[333],"most":[334],"likely":[335],"from":[336],"central":[338],"source":[339],"L":[341],"2-3":[343],"10^7^":[345],"L_sun_,":[346],"illuminates":[347],"an":[351],"greater":[356],"than":[357,409,448],"heats":[363],"surface":[367],"layers":[368,386],"700":[371],"K.":[372],"phase":[375],"abundance":[377],"<~":[379],"4.7":[380],"10^-5^":[382],"For":[390],"case":[392],"M82,":[394],"within":[402],"nuclear":[404],"diameter":[407],"less":[408],"650":[410],"consists":[412],"large":[415],"number,":[416],"N_cloud_":[417],"3":[419],"10^5^,":[421],"small,":[423],"pc,":[427],"dense,":[428],"cm^-3^,":[434],"irradiated":[438],"larger":[447],"Thus,":[454],"except":[455],"for":[456],"scale":[458],"size,":[459],"conditions":[462],"our":[467],"M82":[471],"very":[473],"similar":[474],"those":[476],"surrounding":[480],"trapezium":[482],"stars":[483],"Orion.":[485]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}