{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2084587857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x02030002002","title":"State Campaign Finance Regulations and Electoral Competition","display_name":"State Campaign Finance Regulations and Electoral Competition","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2084587857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x02030002002","mag":"2084587857"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1532673x02030002002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x02030002002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x02030002002","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1532673X02030002002?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72844074","display_name":"American Politics Research","issn_l":"0044-7803","issn":["0044-7803","1532-673X","1552-3373","2376-3728"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Politics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1532673X02030002002?download=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108802410","display_name":"Donald A. Gross","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald A. Gross","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kentucky","#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# Univ. of Kentucky#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kentucky","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# Univ. of Kentucky#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045783159","display_name":"Kirby Goidel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2696-5463","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2696-5463"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86420138","display_name":"Indiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f8man71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86420138"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert K. Goidel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86420138"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032452253","display_name":"Todd Shields","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0028-5486","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0028-5486"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd G. Shields","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arkansas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arkansas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.2171,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97619902,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"2","first_page":"143","last_page":"165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12225","display_name":"Political Influence and Corporate Strategies","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13718","display_name":"Media Influence and Politics","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/campaign-finance-reform","display_name":"campaign finance reform","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-competition","display_name":"electoral competition","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gubernatorial-elections","display_name":"gubernatorial elections","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/campaign-spending-limits","display_name":"campaign spending limits","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contribution-limits","display_name":"contribution limits","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-financing-of-campaigns","display_name":"public financing of campaigns","score":0.8309999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.8017785549163818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780883770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352232","display_name":"Campaign finance","level":3,"score":0.7924131155014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6186848282814026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178283979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274490","display_name":"Public finance","level":2,"score":0.591606855392456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5287822484970093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994282536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929688","display_name":"Public spending","level":3,"score":0.5250737071037292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.5180776119232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4169619381427765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.25026875734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.24847611784934998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.17954489588737488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0673113465309143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1532673x02030002002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x02030002002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x02030002002","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1532673X02030002002?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72844074","display_name":"American Politics Research","issn_l":"0044-7803","issn":["0044-7803","1532-673X","1552-3373","2376-3728"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Politics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1532673x02030002002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x02030002002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x02030002002","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1532673X02030002002?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72844074","display_name":"American Politics Research","issn_l":"0044-7803","issn":["0044-7803","1532-673X","1552-3373","2376-3728"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Politics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7297000288963318,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310058","display_name":"University of Arkansas","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310155","display_name":"Indiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f8man71"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2084587857.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2084587857.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W216281851","https://openalex.org/W1523732531","https://openalex.org/W1554828943","https://openalex.org/W1964045911","https://openalex.org/W1964238138","https://openalex.org/W1966743310","https://openalex.org/W1968508927","https://openalex.org/W1994434519","https://openalex.org/W2000854037","https://openalex.org/W2006885921","https://openalex.org/W2020457124","https://openalex.org/W2034293871","https://openalex.org/W2034301206","https://openalex.org/W2092818866","https://openalex.org/W2106643525","https://openalex.org/W2119820089","https://openalex.org/W2154433803","https://openalex.org/W2167450182","https://openalex.org/W2313766504","https://openalex.org/W2322179330","https://openalex.org/W2322183461","https://openalex.org/W2322527772","https://openalex.org/W2325872663","https://openalex.org/W2328814147","https://openalex.org/W2328958787","https://openalex.org/W2333286108","https://openalex.org/W2749930441","https://openalex.org/W2795757525","https://openalex.org/W2799596721","https://openalex.org/W4206272738","https://openalex.org/W4247140771","https://openalex.org/W4250069404","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996176592","https://openalex.org/W2031617427","https://openalex.org/W2133286305","https://openalex.org/W3122018003","https://openalex.org/W2520728694","https://openalex.org/W2473965741","https://openalex.org/W3144564279","https://openalex.org/W2993785758","https://openalex.org/W2033077443","https://openalex.org/W1963553341"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,9,42,91,95,135],"following":[2],"analysis,":[3],"we":[4],"provide":[5],"an":[6,72],"assessment":[7],"of":[8,11,44,48,83,137],"effect":[10,76],"campaign":[12,16,123],"finance":[13,124],"reform":[14,49,125],"on":[15,27,77,90,118,134],"spending":[17,55,65,69,84,108,112,138],"and":[18,39,54,70,74,109,142],"electoral":[19,78,119,129],"competition":[20,130],"in":[21,106,146],"gubernatorial":[22],"campaigns.":[23],"The":[24,80],"work":[25],"improves":[26],"prior":[28],"research":[29],"by":[30,40],"considering":[31],"a":[32,58,147],"longer,":[33],"more":[34],"comprehensive":[35],"time":[36],"frame":[37],"(1978-1997)":[38],"examining":[41],"effects":[43,82,117],"several":[45],"different":[46],"components":[47],"(contribution":[50],"limits,":[51,85,139,141],"public":[52,143],"financing,":[53],"limits)":[56],"within":[57],"single":[59],"analytic":[60],"framework.":[61],"We":[62],"find":[63],"that":[64],"limits":[66,100],"reduce":[67],"candidate":[68,107],"have":[71,114],"indirect":[73],"negative":[75,81],"competition.":[79,120],"however,":[86],"are":[87,101],"heavily":[88],"contingent":[89],"level":[92],"at":[93],"which":[94],"limit":[96],"is":[97],"set.":[98],"Contribution":[99],"associated":[102],"with":[103],"increased":[104,110],"disparities":[105],"incumbent":[111],"but":[113],"no":[115],"direct":[116],"Overall,":[121],"whether":[122],"enhances":[126],"or":[127],"inhibits":[128],"depends":[131],"very":[132],"much":[133],"combination":[136],"contribution":[140],"financing":[144],"enacted":[145],"given":[148],"state.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
