{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2084077893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.22.13301","title":"An empirical explanation of brightness","display_name":"An empirical explanation of brightness","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2084077893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.22.13301","mag":"2084077893","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9789083","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/23790"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.95.22.13301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.22.13301","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.22.13301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/23790","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"S. Mark Williams","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126298","display_name":"Duke Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03njmea73","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298","https://openalex.org/I4210144876"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Mark Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurobiology, Box 3209, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurobiology, Box 3209, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003537950","display_name":"Allison N. McCoy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126298","display_name":"Duke Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03njmea73","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298","https://openalex.org/I4210144876"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allison N. McCoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurobiology, Box 3209, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurobiology, Box 3209, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053542806","display_name":"Dale Purves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3011-4338","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3011-4338"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126298","display_name":"Duke Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03njmea73","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298","https://openalex.org/I4210144876"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dale Purves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurobiology, Box 3209, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurobiology, Box 3209, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3338,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88283805,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"95","issue":"22","first_page":"13301","last_page":"13306"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12032","display_name":"Multisensory perception and integration","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceived-brightness","display_name":"brightness perception","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminance-profile","display_name":"luminance profile","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solid-geometry","display_name":"solid geometry","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-contrast","display_name":"local contrast","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-perception","display_name":"visual perception","score":0.44600000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.9260739684104919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7166998","display_name":"Percept","level":3,"score":0.8657270669937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73313986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355386","display_name":"Luminance","level":2,"score":0.8417553305625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.6235080361366272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5493049025535583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5147876739501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4968293011188507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46604764461517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4639776349067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4474296569824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.40599602460861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3559664189815521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2242300808429718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.13983994722366333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13678699731826782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.08979547023773193}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003463","descriptor_name":"Cues","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008027","descriptor_name":"Light","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008029","descriptor_name":"Lighting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015350","descriptor_name":"Contrast Sensitivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.95.22.13301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.22.13301","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.22.13301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:23790","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/23790","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:9789083","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9789083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:23790","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/23790","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6204363412","display_name":"CONSTRUCTION OF BRAIN CIRCUITS","funder_award_id":"5r01ns029187-11","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6345613991","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NS29187","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W401049604","https://openalex.org/W1983568184","https://openalex.org/W2012080360","https://openalex.org/W4254463172"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012080360","https://openalex.org/W2033661188","https://openalex.org/W2162359604","https://openalex.org/W2054089548","https://openalex.org/W2605139146","https://openalex.org/W2121885132","https://openalex.org/W2009391862","https://openalex.org/W2034242290","https://openalex.org/W3179469795","https://openalex.org/W2087364263"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"second":[2],"part":[3],"of":[4,10,17,36,41,58,69,74,81,88,92],"our":[5],"study":[6],"on":[7],"the":[8,15,28,43,46,56,59,63,89,104,118],"mechanism":[9],"perceived":[11],"brightness,":[12],"we":[13,95],"explore":[14],"effects":[16],"manipulating":[18],"three-dimensional":[19],"geometry.":[20],"The":[21,84],"additional":[22],"scenes":[23,60],"portrayed":[24],"here":[25],"demonstrate":[26],"that":[27,67,102,116],"same":[29],"luminance":[30,105],"profile":[31,106],"can":[32],"elicit":[33],"different":[34],"sensations":[35,68],"brightness":[37,76],"as":[38],"a":[39,108],"function":[40],"how":[42],"objects":[44],"in":[45,50,62,107],"scene":[47],"are":[48],"arranged":[49],"space.":[51],"This":[52],"further":[53],"evidence":[54],"confirms":[55],"implication":[57],"presented":[61],"accompanying":[64],"paper,":[65],"namely":[66],"relative":[70],"brightness-including":[71],"standard":[72],"demonstrations":[73],"simultaneous":[75],"contrast-cannot":[77],"arise":[78],"by":[79],"computations":[80],"local":[82],"contrast.":[83],"most":[85,120],"plausible":[86],"explanation":[87],"full":[90],"range":[91],"perceptual":[93],"phenomena":[94],"have":[96],"described":[97],"is":[98],"an":[99,112],"empirical":[100],"strategy":[101],"links":[103],"visual":[109],"stimulus":[110],"with":[111],"association":[113],"(the":[114],"percept)":[115],"represents":[117],"profile's":[119],"probable":[121],"real-world":[122],"source.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}