{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2083667086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ail.2004.0032","title":"Zitkala-Sa and Bicultural Subjectivity","display_name":"Zitkala-Sa and Bicultural Subjectivity","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2083667086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ail.2004.0032","mag":"2083667086"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/ail.2004.0032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ail.2004.0032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ail.2004.0032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S50874328","display_name":"Studies in American Indian Literatures","issn_l":"0730-3238","issn":["0730-3238","1548-9590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320162","host_organization_name":"University of Nebraska Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320162"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Nebraska Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in American Indian Literatures","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073351612","display_name":"Ron Carpenter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ron Carpenter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073351612"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.5366,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96945768,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13474","display_name":"Autobiographical and Biographical Writing","score":0.8657000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13474","display_name":"Autobiographical and Biographical Writing","score":0.8657000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14494","display_name":"American Literature and Culture","score":0.06759999692440033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10011","display_name":"Literature: history, themes, analysis","score":0.02290000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zitkala-sa","display_name":"Zitkala-\u0160a","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/native-american-autobiography","display_name":"Native American autobiography","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/native-american-representation","display_name":"Native American representation","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homi-bhabha","display_name":"Homi Bhabha","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybridity","display_name":"hybridity","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/third-space","display_name":"third space","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/native-american-women","display_name":"Native American women","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-atlantic-monthly","display_name":"Atlantic Monthly","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-identity","display_name":"cultural identity","score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indian-boarding-schools","display_name":"Indian boarding schools","score":0.3370000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202889954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139554","display_name":"Subjectivity","level":2,"score":0.8477023839950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4402563273906708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.42001891136169434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.20894286036491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.11653384566307068}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/ail.2004.0032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ail.2004.0032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ail.2004.0032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S50874328","display_name":"Studies in American Indian Literatures","issn_l":"0730-3238","issn":["0730-3238","1548-9590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320162","host_organization_name":"University of Nebraska Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320162"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Nebraska Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in American Indian Literatures","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/174853","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/174853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5799999833106995}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W320755495","https://openalex.org/W571968601","https://openalex.org/W582197732","https://openalex.org/W583386012","https://openalex.org/W649251526","https://openalex.org/W654642341","https://openalex.org/W655924546","https://openalex.org/W1480383485","https://openalex.org/W1485995441","https://openalex.org/W1504302954","https://openalex.org/W1527182557","https://openalex.org/W1547116470","https://openalex.org/W1963870785","https://openalex.org/W1998540610","https://openalex.org/W2000777955","https://openalex.org/W2022417388","https://openalex.org/W2023836144","https://openalex.org/W2031127526","https://openalex.org/W2046741281","https://openalex.org/W2081847619","https://openalex.org/W2129745622","https://openalex.org/W2133291451","https://openalex.org/W2147310569","https://openalex.org/W2497752351","https://openalex.org/W2763609457","https://openalex.org/W2792181724","https://openalex.org/W3023436355"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2622160404","https://openalex.org/W2972393803","https://openalex.org/W2022417388","https://openalex.org/W2885196599","https://openalex.org/W6997486682","https://openalex.org/W4206440397","https://openalex.org/W4280557993","https://openalex.org/W2763609457","https://openalex.org/W2031521158","https://openalex.org/W2612588549"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Zitkala-\u0160a":[0,398,626,653],"and":[1,35,56,73,77,135,144,164,180,198,210,216,220,254,320,380,420,442,460,613,669],"Bicultural":[2],"Subjectivity":[3],"Ron":[4],"Carpenter":[5],"(bio)":[6],"Typing":[7],"the":[8,32,39,80,105,108,122,175,275,296,342,358,375,386,391,434,499,523,541,555,592,597,634,642],"Indian":[9,47,54,58,68,422],"Zitkala-\u0160a,":[10,468],"or":[11,92,240,295,548],"Gertrude":[12],"Simmons":[13],"Bonnin":[14],"(Yankton),":[15],"thwarts":[16],"most":[17],"attempts":[18],"to":[19,89,120,157,173,207,265,368,400,413,458,467,473,520,590,610,659],"categorize":[20],"her":[21,27,118,126,226,256,262,417,628,656,660,663],"autobiographical":[22,664],"subjectivity.1":[23],"Her":[24],"narrative":[25],"of":[26,38,45,52,107,177,225,270,293,378,385,450,487,509,525,599,604,672],"youth":[28],"originally":[29],"appears":[30],"in":[31,66,71,75,110,171,191,202,247,338,349,569,675],"January,":[33],"February,":[34],"March":[36],"issues":[37],"Atlantic":[40],"Monthly":[41],"(1900),":[42],"as":[43,140,397,506,514,533,637],"\"Impressions":[44],"an":[46,53,306,488],"Childhood,\"":[48],"\"The":[49],"School":[50],"Days":[51],"Girl,\"":[55],"\"An":[57],"Teacher":[59],"Among":[60],"Indians.\"":[61],"These":[62],"memoirs":[63],"were":[64],"reprinted":[65],"American":[67,146,280,419,421],"Stories,":[69],"published":[70],"1921":[72],"reissued":[74],"1985":[76],"2003.":[78],"Throughout":[79],"autobiography,":[81],"Zitkala-\u0160a's":[82,160,234,405],"narrator":[83,235],"avoids":[84],"defining":[85],"herself":[86,249],"prescriptively":[87],"according":[88,658],"either":[90,208,283],"Yankton":[91,217,241],"Anglo":[93,197,239],"culture.":[94,284],"As":[95],"Dexter":[96],"Fisher":[97],"rightly":[98],"notes":[99],"\"she":[100],"[Zitkala-\u0160a]":[101],"is":[102,117,162,195,205,303,345,348,408,588,666],"not":[103,237,389,580,589],"reaffirming":[104],"role":[106],"woman":[109],"tribal":[111],"life":[112],".":[113,114,115,456,552],"Nor":[116],"purpose":[119],"praise":[121],"educational":[123],"opportunities":[124],"afforded":[125],"through":[127],"governmental":[128],"policies\"":[129],"(206).":[130],"Although":[131],"popular":[132],"images,":[133],"then":[134],"now,":[136],"often":[137],"posit":[138],"them":[139,245,559],"a":[141,168,192,200,267,317,481,484,507,600,620,667,670],"dichotomy,":[142],"Euroamerican":[143,215],"Native":[145,178,279],"cultures":[147,326,340,645],"are":[148,327],"neither":[149],"mutually":[150],"exclusive":[151],"nor":[152,243],"antithetical":[153],"categories.2":[154],"I":[155,186,365],"seek":[156],"argue":[158],"that":[159,165,188,194,273,311,357,372,394,530,557,573],"persona":[161,665],"bicultural,":[163,185],"she":[166,189,204,260,639,677],"produces":[167,354],"bicultural":[169,227,263,387,661],"context":[170,193,201,228],"order":[172],"reconfigure":[174],"representation":[176],"Americans":[179],"their":[181,402,574,650],"cultural":[182,381,392,651],"status.":[183],"By":[184],"mean":[187],"signs":[190],"inseparably":[196],"Yankton;":[199],"which":[203,353,517,676],"irreducible":[206],"culture":[209,319],"alienated":[211,330],"from":[212,288,331,522,528],"each.":[213],"While":[214,364],"resources":[218,264,393],"coexist":[219],"operate":[221],"simultaneously,":[222],"generic":[223],"dimensions":[224],"cannot":[229,313],"be":[230,314,577,591],"stipulated":[231],"beforehand":[232],"since":[233,324],"does":[236,388],"privilege":[238],"unilaterally,":[242],"balance":[244],"equally":[246],"situating":[248],"among":[250],"[End":[251,581],"Page":[252,582],"1]":[253],"against":[255],"shared":[257],"cultures.":[258],"Instead,":[259],"combines":[261],"produce":[266],"new":[268],"type":[269],"Indian,":[271],"one":[272,607],"exceeds":[274],"prescriptive":[276],"roles":[277],"offered":[278],"women":[281],"by":[282,305,416,630],"This":[285,585],"biculturality":[286,674],"differs":[287],"Homi":[289],"Bhabha's":[290,370],"postcolonial":[291],"notion":[292],"hybridity,":[294],"\"open-space":[297],"in-between,\"":[298],"because":[299,554],"his":[300,570],"Third":[301],"Space":[302],"defined":[304],"absence":[307],"(112-13).":[308],"He":[309],"argues":[310],"subjects":[312,335,395],"located":[315],"within":[316,477],"single":[318,621],"its":[321],"signifying":[322],"discourses":[323],"all":[325],"themselves":[328],"always":[329],"within.3":[332],"For":[333],"Bhabha,":[334],"possess":[336],"agency":[337],"between":[339,644],"where":[341],"inside/outside":[343],"dialectic":[344],"absent:":[346],"\"It":[347],"this":[350,673],"hybrid":[351],"gap,":[352],"no":[355],"relief,":[356],"colonial":[359,478],"subject":[360,482],"takes":[361],"place\"":[362],"(58).":[363],"do":[366],"want":[367],"retain":[369],"contention":[371],"hybridity":[373,407],"\"resists":[374],"binary":[376,636],"opposition":[377],"racial":[379],"groups,\"":[382],"my":[383],"category":[384],"vacate":[390],"such":[396],"employ":[399],"constitute":[401],"identity":[403],"(207).":[404],"textual":[406],"thus":[409,640],"more":[410,601],"closely":[411],"aligned":[412],"those":[414],"generated":[415],"African":[418],"contemporaries.":[423],"Malea":[424],"Powell":[425],"(Indiana":[426],"Miami),":[427],"for":[428],"example,":[429],"has":[430,494],"recently":[431],"delineated":[432],"how":[433],"late-nineteenth-century":[435],"intellectuals":[436],"Sarah":[437],"Winnemucca":[438],"Hopkins":[439],"(Northern":[440],"Paiute)":[441],"Charles":[443],"Alexander":[444],"Eastman":[445],"(Dakota)":[446],"use":[447],"\"the":[448],"language":[449],"survivance":[451],"(survival":[452],"+":[453],"resistance)":[454],"[.":[455,551],".]":[457,553],"reimagine":[459],"literally,":[461],"refigure":[462],"'the":[463],"Indian'\"":[464],"(400).":[465],"Similar":[466],"these":[469],"authors":[470],"utilize":[471],"self-representation":[472],"transform":[474],"\"their":[475],"object-status":[476],"discourse":[479],"into":[480],"status,":[483],"presence":[485],"instead":[486],"absence\"":[489],"(Powell":[490],"400).":[491],"Ross":[492],"Posnock":[493],"outlined":[495],"what":[496],"he":[497,518,564],"terms":[498],"W.":[500],"E.":[501],"B.":[502],"Du":[503,536],"Boisian":[504],"\"distinction,\"":[505],"practice":[508,668],"\"anarchy":[510],"[that]":[511],"manifests":[512],"itself":[513],"strategic":[515],"difficulty,":[516],"used":[519],"escape":[521],"bondage":[524],"racist":[526],"classification,":[527],"stereotypes":[529],"reigned":[531],"supremely":[532],"Nature\"":[534],"(507).":[535],"Bois's":[537],"\"double":[538],"consciousness\"":[539],"staged":[540],"clash":[542],"[between":[543],"races]":[544],"rather":[545,596,616,647],"than":[546,617,648],"defusing":[547],"muZing":[549],"it":[550],"reality":[556],"confronted":[558],"[his":[560],"audience]":[561],"was":[562],"unsettled,":[563],"unsettles,":[565],"keeping":[566],"debate":[567],"alive":[568],"audience":[571],"so":[572],"perplexity":[575],"might":[576],"clarified,":[578],"if":[579],"2]":[583],"dissolved.":[584],"dissonant":[586],"perspective":[587],"end":[593],"point":[594],"but":[595],"tool":[598],"nuanced":[602],"kind":[603],"political":[605],"conduct,":[606],"supple":[608],"enough":[609],"make":[611],"distinctions":[612],"double":[614],"moves":[615],"relying":[618],"on":[619],"\"frontal":[622],"attack.\"":[623],"(507-08)":[624],"Similarly,":[625],"stages":[627],"autobiography":[629],"foregrounding":[631],"stereotypes,":[632],"framing":[633],"Indian/white":[635],"faulty;":[638],"keeps":[641],"dialogue":[643],"present,":[646],"reconciling":[649],"differences.":[652],"strategically":[654],"reforms":[655],"subjectivity":[657],"resources;":[662],"product":[671],"formulates...":[678]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
