{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2083595776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.4.569","title":"On the Wisdom of Rewarding A While Hoping for B","display_name":"On the Wisdom of Rewarding A While Hoping for B","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2083595776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.4.569","mag":"2083595776"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1287/orsc.5.4.569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.4.569","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.4.569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206124708","display_name":"Organization Science","issn_l":"1047-7039","issn":["1047-7039","1526-5455"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Organization Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088652070","display_name":"Richard Boettger","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128956969","display_name":"Texas Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/054b0b564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128956969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard D. Boettger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129","Department of Management, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128956969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128956969"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078041010","display_name":"Charles R. Greer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128956969","display_name":"Texas Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/054b0b564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128956969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles R. Greer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129","Department of Management, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128956969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128956969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128956969"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29832764,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"569","last_page":"582"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13235","display_name":"Management Theory and Practice","score":0.48899999260902405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13235","display_name":"Management Theory and Practice","score":0.48899999260902405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10344","display_name":"Management and Organizational Studies","score":0.30320000648498535,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12751","display_name":"Leadership and Management in Organizations","score":0.08489999920129776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reward-structure","display_name":"reward structure","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-social-work","display_name":"police social work","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-culture","display_name":"organizational culture","score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-remediation","display_name":"environmental remediation","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eastern-europe","display_name":"Eastern Europe","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix-organization","display_name":"matrix organization","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conflicting-demands","display_name":"conflicting requirements","score":0.4129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-complexity","display_name":"organizational complexity","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-wisdom","display_name":"organizational wisdom","score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-training","display_name":"employee training","score":0.5139999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51575053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468","display_name":"Bureaucracy","level":3,"score":0.7116659879684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.5701324343681335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.47816213965415955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4534849524497986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4049575626850128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3955577611923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.34619390964508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.30851179361343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.27578961849212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.17457634210586548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1287/orsc.5.4.569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.4.569","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.4.569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206124708","display_name":"Organization Science","issn_l":"1047-7039","issn":["1047-7039","1526-5455"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Organization Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W617712375","https://openalex.org/W658401436","https://openalex.org/W658824016","https://openalex.org/W1534063523","https://openalex.org/W1540499889","https://openalex.org/W1583154274","https://openalex.org/W1588417554","https://openalex.org/W1612669784","https://openalex.org/W1681723606","https://openalex.org/W1965278510","https://openalex.org/W1974448138","https://openalex.org/W1981441472","https://openalex.org/W1982722003","https://openalex.org/W1995513060","https://openalex.org/W2001072052","https://openalex.org/W2003225898","https://openalex.org/W2003268463","https://openalex.org/W2009817444","https://openalex.org/W2014316722","https://openalex.org/W2017350739","https://openalex.org/W2017770990","https://openalex.org/W2019270176","https://openalex.org/W2025649486","https://openalex.org/W2028436159","https://openalex.org/W2033170797","https://openalex.org/W2062115240","https://openalex.org/W2065242472","https://openalex.org/W2074684234","https://openalex.org/W2077592334","https://openalex.org/W2131740028","https://openalex.org/W2132640506","https://openalex.org/W2136634989","https://openalex.org/W2144416034","https://openalex.org/W2156843631","https://openalex.org/W2174179791","https://openalex.org/W2276757851","https://openalex.org/W2314379341","https://openalex.org/W2331726133","https://openalex.org/W2335025348","https://openalex.org/W2414603037","https://openalex.org/W2567774651","https://openalex.org/W2642534790"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2174179791","https://openalex.org/W2800602857","https://openalex.org/W2624605137","https://openalex.org/W2610953490","https://openalex.org/W2913238785","https://openalex.org/W1562332914","https://openalex.org/W2885884960","https://openalex.org/W3003850855","https://openalex.org/W2803061821","https://openalex.org/W629380775"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"explain":[1],"the":[2,11,33,69,86,92,95,142,158,164,191,201,204,258,264,272,277,280,286,288,292],"deeper":[3],"organizational":[4],"wisdom":[5,143],"behind":[6],"what":[7],"Steven":[8],"Kerr":[9,21,230],"called":[10],"\u201cfolly\u201d":[12],"of":[13,72,101,144,157,257,279,285],"seemingly":[14],"inconsistent":[15,217],"reward":[16,44,79],"structures.":[17],"Modern":[18],"organizations\u2014even":[19],"those":[20],"specifically":[22],"criticizes":[23],"as":[24,113,170],"\u201cfouled-up\u201d\u2014frequently":[25],"need":[26],"to":[27,43,68,78,121,147,166,189,193,198,210,214,222,263,283],"serve":[28,167],"two":[29,168],"contradictory":[30],"goals":[31,88],"at":[32],"same":[34],"time.":[35],"Three":[36],"conditions":[37,156],"in":[38,107,119,129,171,236,276],"particular":[39],"require":[40,58,163],"sophisticated":[41],"organizations":[42,224],"A":[45],"while":[46],"nonetheless":[47],"hoping":[48],"for":[49,54,104,200,226,251],"B.":[50],"First,":[51],"operative":[52],"goals\u2014e.g.,":[53],"a":[55,115,131,134,138,172],"police":[56,82],"department\u2014may":[57],"practical":[59],"activities":[60,83],"like":[61],"\u201csocial":[62],"work\u201d":[63],"that":[64],"do":[65],"not":[66,145],"conform":[67],"official":[70,87],"culture":[71],"\u201ccrime":[73],"fighting":[74],"command":[75],"bureaucracy.\u201d":[76],"Attempting":[77],"only":[80],"these":[81],"which":[84,237],"support":[85],"would":[89,231,243],"harm":[90],"both":[91],"force":[93],"and":[94,177,188,247,254,269,274,290,299],"citizens":[96],"they":[97],"serve.":[98],"Second,":[99],"times":[100],"great":[102],"change\u2014e.g.,":[103],"environmental":[105],"clean-up":[106],"Eastern":[108],"Europe\u2014require":[109],"short-term":[110],"inconsistencies":[111],"such":[112],"supporting":[114],"highly":[116],"polluting":[117],"factory":[118],"order":[120],"accomplish":[122],"long":[123],"term":[124],"ends.":[125],"At":[126],"one":[127,239],"moment":[128],"time,":[130],"snapshot":[132],"exposes":[133],"\u201cfoolish\u201d":[135],"inconsistency,":[136],"but":[137],"long-term":[139],"view":[140],"reveals":[141],"attempting":[146],"treat":[148],"complex":[149],"problems":[150],"with":[151,185],"simple":[152],"solutions.":[153],"Third,":[154],"some":[155],"real":[159],"world":[160],"will":[161],"always":[162],"individual":[165,261,273],"masters,":[169],"classic":[173],"matrix":[174],"structure.":[175],"Product":[176],"functional":[178],"demands":[179,218],"cannot":[180],"be":[181],"made":[182],"perfectly":[183],"consistent":[184],"each":[186],"other,":[187],"expect":[190],"organization":[192,235,281,287],"make":[194],"them":[195],"so":[196],"is":[197,208,221,282],"wish":[199],"impossible.":[202],"Under":[203],"above":[205],"conditions,":[206],"it":[207,220],"better":[209],"teach":[211],"individuals":[212],"how":[213],"handle":[215],"complex,":[216],"than":[219],"hold":[223,244],"responsible":[225,250],"eliminating":[227],"them.":[228],"While":[229],"work":[232],"towards":[233],"an":[234,260],"\u201cno":[238],"needs":[240],"goodness,\u201d":[241],"we":[242],"our":[245],"teaching":[246],"training":[248],"systems":[249],"making":[252],"\u201cgoodness\u201d":[253],"complexity":[255,268],"part":[256],"talent":[259],"brings":[262],"organization.":[265],"To":[266],"put":[267],"goodness":[270],"beyond":[271],"entirely":[275],"province":[278],"demand":[284],"impossible,":[289],"demean":[291],"human":[293],"beings":[294],"who":[295],"are":[296],"its":[297],"substance":[298],"soul.":[300]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}