{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2083358627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01443589710167374","title":"An inquiry into openness in international trade","display_name":"An inquiry into openness in international trade","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2083358627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01443589710167374","mag":"2083358627"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/01443589710167374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01443589710167374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01443589710167374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158705510","display_name":"Journal of Economic Studies","issn_l":"0144-3585","issn":["0144-3585","1758-7387"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economic Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069379244","display_name":"Farhang Niroomand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-8890","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-8890"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44854399","display_name":"University of Southern Mississippi","ror":"https://ror.org/0270vfa57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141039","https://openalex.org/I44854399"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farhang Niroomand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics and International Business, The University of Southern Mississippi, Mississippi, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics and International Business, The University of Southern Mississippi, Mississippi, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44854399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083872270","display_name":"Edward Nissan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44854399","display_name":"University of Southern Mississippi","ror":"https://ror.org/0270vfa57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141039","https://openalex.org/I44854399"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Nissan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics and International Business, The University of Southern Mississippi, Mississippi, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics and International Business, The University of Southern Mississippi, Mississippi, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44854399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44854399"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44833179,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"3","first_page":"167","last_page":"178"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12428","display_name":"Global Trade and Competitiveness","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14503","display_name":"Globalization, Economics, and Policies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-openness","display_name":"trade openness","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-trade","display_name":"international trade","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exports-and-imports","display_name":"exports and imports","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gross-national-product","display_name":"gross national product","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-patterns","display_name":"trade patterns","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-level","display_name":"income level","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-trends","display_name":"temporal trends","score":0.45100000500679016}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84976871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673","display_name":"Openness to experience","level":2,"score":0.9121618270874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6823651790618896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.6552056670188904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6047340631484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5919356346130371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5899115800857544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.47957271337509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.4643338918685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.44183436036109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43789157271385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114350782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12638","display_name":"Gross domestic product","level":2,"score":0.42203468084335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1354268193244934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.1313098669052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11223086714744568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/01443589710167374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01443589710167374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01443589710167374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158705510","display_name":"Journal of Economic Studies","issn_l":"0144-3585","issn":["0144-3585","1758-7387"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economic Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eme:jes000:01443589710167374","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/01443589710167374.html?utm_source=repec&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=repec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eme:jespps:01443589710167374","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/01443589710167374/full/html?utm_source=repec&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=repec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eme:jespps:v:24:y:1997:i:3:p:167-178","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=AF980ECD30DCDF6EA62D8D5455510871?contentType=Article&contentId=846057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116791484","https://openalex.org/W648971544","https://openalex.org/W1499360120","https://openalex.org/W1521624760","https://openalex.org/W1561499272","https://openalex.org/W1574187751","https://openalex.org/W1606581475","https://openalex.org/W1676129577","https://openalex.org/W1970609322","https://openalex.org/W1992172068","https://openalex.org/W1998778769","https://openalex.org/W2001940407","https://openalex.org/W2012155440","https://openalex.org/W2029276571","https://openalex.org/W2042813336","https://openalex.org/W2092792153","https://openalex.org/W4206142815","https://openalex.org/W4230902051","https://openalex.org/W4240078079"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1584879645","https://openalex.org/W3123685750","https://openalex.org/W1605457573","https://openalex.org/W2188772895","https://openalex.org/W3122369863","https://openalex.org/W2371238902","https://openalex.org/W7097734002","https://openalex.org/W1985076164","https://openalex.org/W3122076300","https://openalex.org/W7098639977"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"ratio":[1,30],"of":[2,16,34,38,52,62],"exports":[3],"plus":[4],"imports":[5],"to":[6,50],"gross":[7],"national":[8],"product":[9],"may":[10],"be":[11],"viewed":[12],"as":[13],"a":[14,58],"measure":[15],"openness":[17],"in":[18,65],"international":[19],"trade.":[20],"Constructs":[21],"indexes":[22],"for":[23,31],"1967,":[24],"1980":[25],"and":[26,40,54],"1988,":[27],"using":[28],"this":[29],"cross\u2010country":[32],"comparison":[33],"trade":[35],"patterns.":[36],"Analysis":[37],"variance":[39],"regression":[41],"reveal":[42],"that":[43,55],"the":[44,63,66],"patterns":[45],"among":[46],"countries":[47],"differ":[48],"according":[49],"levels":[51],"income,":[53],"there":[56],"was":[57],"trend":[59,72],"towards":[60,73],"convergence":[61],"index":[64],"late":[67],"1980s":[68],"reversing":[69],"an":[70],"earlier":[71],"divergence.":[74]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}