{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2083256129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648x.1991.9721438","title":"BEGINNING WITH WOLFGANG: AN AGENDA FOR HOMICIDE RESEARCH","display_name":"BEGINNING WITH WOLFGANG: AN AGENDA FOR HOMICIDE RESEARCH","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2083256129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648x.1991.9721438","mag":"2083256129"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/0735648x.1991.9721438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648x.1991.9721438","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648x.1991.9721438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175674","display_name":"Journal of Crime and Justice","issn_l":"0735-648X","issn":["0735-648X","2158-9119"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Crime and Justice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003023725","display_name":"Carolyn Rebecca Block","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405272467","display_name":"Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority","ror":"https://ror.org/047bwfy53","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405272467"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carolyn Rebecca Block","raw_affiliation_strings":["a  Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority","Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a  Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405272467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405272467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109568424","display_name":"Richard Block","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Block","raw_affiliation_strings":["b  Loyola University of Chicago","loyola university of chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"b  Loyola University of Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"loyola university of chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0494,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89647684,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"31","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9262999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9262999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13605","display_name":"Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse","score":0.06710000336170197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homicide","display_name":"homicide","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/victim-precipitation","display_name":"victim precipitation","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subculture-of-violence","display_name":"subculture of violence","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lethal-violence","display_name":"lethal violence","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-violence","display_name":"theory of violence","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homicide-prevention","display_name":"homicide prevention","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/victim-offender-overlap","display_name":"victim-offender overlap","score":0.4950000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C525541732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149086","display_name":"Homicide","level":4,"score":0.9010083675384521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87863119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842756","display_name":"Subculture (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6251956820487976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.614289402961731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.512001097202301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3753678798675537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.36507105827331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.27920931577682495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12553897500038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/0735648x.1991.9721438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648x.1991.9721438","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648x.1991.9721438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175674","display_name":"Journal of Crime and Justice","issn_l":"0735-648X","issn":["0735-648X","2158-9119"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Crime and Justice","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8046000003814697}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8516084","https://openalex.org/W24419942","https://openalex.org/W55841087","https://openalex.org/W255616792","https://openalex.org/W343526821","https://openalex.org/W409822979","https://openalex.org/W428041599","https://openalex.org/W598820165","https://openalex.org/W605800686","https://openalex.org/W1502870332","https://openalex.org/W1515816327","https://openalex.org/W1532982855","https://openalex.org/W1537100493","https://openalex.org/W1554807708","https://openalex.org/W1583752173","https://openalex.org/W1608487315","https://openalex.org/W1733091605","https://openalex.org/W1829126295","https://openalex.org/W1902822575","https://openalex.org/W1967288024","https://openalex.org/W1971237940","https://openalex.org/W1972129200","https://openalex.org/W1977552950","https://openalex.org/W1981410363","https://openalex.org/W1982033072","https://openalex.org/W1995372112","https://openalex.org/W1996944610","https://openalex.org/W2000959907","https://openalex.org/W2001533613","https://openalex.org/W2007950814","https://openalex.org/W2008519435","https://openalex.org/W2009747771","https://openalex.org/W2013507942","https://openalex.org/W2014245168","https://openalex.org/W2017064261","https://openalex.org/W2017653403","https://openalex.org/W2018719156","https://openalex.org/W2022633686","https://openalex.org/W2025387797","https://openalex.org/W2034637592","https://openalex.org/W2037593850","https://openalex.org/W2040509980","https://openalex.org/W2041240126","https://openalex.org/W2043042667","https://openalex.org/W2045371085","https://openalex.org/W2047935616","https://openalex.org/W2048651660","https://openalex.org/W2056786315","https://openalex.org/W2056962891","https://openalex.org/W2060777962","https://openalex.org/W2069364057","https://openalex.org/W2070691148","https://openalex.org/W2070894280","https://openalex.org/W2076442795","https://openalex.org/W2076901222","https://openalex.org/W2077804279","https://openalex.org/W2079348248","https://openalex.org/W2082132595","https://openalex.org/W2087475070","https://openalex.org/W2089954137","https://openalex.org/W2097229770","https://openalex.org/W2099511381","https://openalex.org/W2105212387","https://openalex.org/W2111911546","https://openalex.org/W2131259854","https://openalex.org/W2132511337","https://openalex.org/W2148814944","https://openalex.org/W2155715719","https://openalex.org/W2157194209","https://openalex.org/W2157409283","https://openalex.org/W2160999893","https://openalex.org/W2164792678","https://openalex.org/W2166455754","https://openalex.org/W2169964787","https://openalex.org/W2170900211","https://openalex.org/W2171891188","https://openalex.org/W2274727436","https://openalex.org/W2313054432","https://openalex.org/W2318030449","https://openalex.org/W2322459712","https://openalex.org/W2330129829","https://openalex.org/W2581204931","https://openalex.org/W2729335715","https://openalex.org/W2789048551","https://openalex.org/W2798289223","https://openalex.org/W2907290716","https://openalex.org/W4206694687","https://openalex.org/W4212928472","https://openalex.org/W4245778761","https://openalex.org/W4249292531","https://openalex.org/W4255353381","https://openalex.org/W4293872447","https://openalex.org/W4299431155","https://openalex.org/W4299941512","https://openalex.org/W4300913474","https://openalex.org/W4367180373"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974102510","https://openalex.org/W2087117770","https://openalex.org/W4410136950","https://openalex.org/W2085166366","https://openalex.org/W2166455754","https://openalex.org/W2118451788","https://openalex.org/W2080973705","https://openalex.org/W4300913474","https://openalex.org/W4255117162","https://openalex.org/W7140482808"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"his":[1],"study":[2],"of":[3,28,45,54,61,73,79,89,96,119,122,134,148,150,161],"homicide":[4,82],"patterns":[5,95],"in":[6,19,131,145],"Philadelphia":[7],"from":[8],"1948":[9],"to":[10,24],"1952,":[11],"Marvin":[12],"Wolfgang":[13],"pioneered":[14],"description":[15],"as":[16],"a":[17,111],"tool":[18],"theory-building,":[20],"using":[21],"systematic":[22],"observation":[23],"check":[25],"the":[26,52,62,71,77,86,90,120,123,127,146,159],"validity":[27],"conventional":[29],"wisdom":[30],"against":[31],"stark":[32],"reality.":[33],"7%":[34],"paper":[35,128],"reviews":[36],"two":[37],"influential":[38],"but":[39],"controversial":[40],"concepts":[41,91],"that":[42,46,68],"grew":[43],"out":[44,85],"research":[47],"-":[48],"victim":[49,74],"precipitation":[50,75],"and":[51,65,76,98,136,140,153,156],"subculture":[53,78],"violence.":[55,100],"It":[56,101],"begins":[57],"with":[58],"an":[59],"overview":[60],"theoretical,":[63],"definitional":[64],"methodological":[66],"difficulties":[67,121],"have":[69],"limited":[70],"impact":[72],"violence":[80,155],"on":[81],"research,":[83],"pointing":[84],"valuable":[87],"aspects":[88,106],"for":[92,158],"explaining":[93],"differential":[94],"serious":[97],"lethal":[99,154],"then":[102],"considers":[103],"how":[104],"these":[105],"might":[107,143],"be":[108],"developed":[109],"into":[110],"more":[112],"general":[113],"theory,":[114],"which":[115,132],"would":[116],"avoid":[117],"some":[118],"original":[124],"concepts.":[125],"Finally,":[126],"suggests":[129],"ways":[130],"coordination":[133],"theory":[135],"methodology":[137],"within":[138],"projects":[139],"between":[141],"researchers":[142],"aid":[144],"development":[147],"models":[149],"both":[151],"nonlethal":[152],"policies":[157],"prevention":[160],"homicide.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
