{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2083029434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/5.8.981","title":"The distinctiveness effect reconsidered: Poorer recognition of distinctive face silhouettes","display_name":"The distinctiveness effect reconsidered: Poorer recognition of distinctive face silhouettes","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2083029434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/5.8.981","mag":"2083029434"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1167/5.8.981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/5.8.981","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/5.8.981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137468011","display_name":"Journal of Vision","issn_l":"1534-7362","issn":["1534-7362"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315919","host_organization_name":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/5.8.981","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052062866","display_name":"Nicolas Davidenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6935-5542","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6935-5542"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Davidenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041383852","display_name":"Michael Ramscar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1680-1112","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1680-1112"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Ramscar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1849445,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"8","first_page":"981","last_page":"981"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-recognition-cognition","display_name":"face recognition (cognition)","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptual-learning","display_name":"perceptual learning","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-space","display_name":"face space","score":0.6190000176429749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47385372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098943","display_name":"Optimal distinctiveness theory","level":2,"score":0.8807515501976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58103923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2286025","display_name":"Silhouette","level":2,"score":0.7823808193206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5154343843460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4546797573566437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4525614380836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.451107382774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4248463213443756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4099920094013214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35451120138168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31343600153923035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.09411182999610901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1167/5.8.981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/5.8.981","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/5.8.981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137468011","display_name":"Journal of Vision","issn_l":"1534-7362","issn":["1534-7362"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315919","host_organization_name":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1167/5.8.981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/5.8.981","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/5.8.981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137468011","display_name":"Journal of Vision","issn_l":"1534-7362","issn":["1534-7362"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315919","host_organization_name":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2584643061","https://openalex.org/W2591144790","https://openalex.org/W2158897630","https://openalex.org/W2092631953","https://openalex.org/W754154949","https://openalex.org/W7100114573","https://openalex.org/W1994090986","https://openalex.org/W2075024033","https://openalex.org/W4399927228","https://openalex.org/W2063716390"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,96],"recognition":[1,56,188,201],"advantage":[2,57,127,189],"for":[3,31,40,84,136,203,211],"distinctive":[4,32,41,44,122,151,170,193,204],"versus":[5],"typical":[6,72,129,149,168],"faces":[7,45,73,123,130],"has":[8],"been":[9],"widely":[10],"reported":[11],"(e.g.,":[12],"Valentine,":[13],"1991,":[14],"Deffenbacher":[15],"et":[16],"al.,":[17],"2000).":[18],"The":[19],"effect":[20],"is":[21],"robust":[22],"and":[23,34,150,169,221],"appears":[24],"as":[25,105],"both":[26,185],"an":[27,208],"increased":[28],"hit":[29],"rate":[30,39],"targets":[33],"a":[35,48,89,114,146,200],"reduced":[36],"false":[37],"alarm":[38],"distractors.":[42],"Because":[43],"lie":[46,156],"in":[47,160,180,216],"sparse,":[49],"peripheral":[50],"region":[51],"of":[52,79,92,99,140,148,177,218],"face":[53,94,107,162,182],"space,":[54],"the":[55,64,102,137,143,165,187],"could":[58],"potentially":[59],"be":[60],"due":[61],"entirely":[62],"to":[63,74,119,155,174],"fact":[65],"that":[66],"they":[67],"are":[68,134],"more":[69],"dissimilar":[70],"than":[71],"any":[75],"randomly":[76],"chosen":[77],"set":[78,98,147],"distractor":[80],"faces.":[81,141],"To":[82],"control":[83],"target-distractor":[85,132],"distances,":[86],"we":[87,112,198],"constructed":[88,154,173],"parameterized":[90,103],"space":[91],"silhouetted":[93],"profiles.":[95],"previous":[97],"studies":[100],"validated":[101],"silhouettes":[104,152,171],"genuine":[106],"stimuli.":[108],"In":[109,142,164,184,196],"this":[110,212],"study,":[111],"used":[113],"3-AFC":[115],"delayed":[116],"match-to-sample":[117],"paradigm":[118],"test":[120],"whether":[121],"retain":[124],"their":[125],"processing":[126],"over":[128],"when":[131],"distances":[133],"matched":[135],"two":[138],"types":[139],"first":[144],"condition,":[145,167],"were":[153,172],"on":[157],"concentric":[158],"hyper-spheres":[159],"silhouette":[161,181],"space.":[163,183],"second":[166],"occupy":[175],"regions":[176],"equal":[178],"size":[179],"conditions,":[186],"normally":[190],"associated":[191],"with":[192],"items":[194],"disappeared.":[195],"fact,":[197],"observed":[199],"disadvantage":[202],"silhouettes.":[205],"We":[206],"consider":[207],"simple":[209],"explanation":[210],"\u201creverse":[213],"distinctiveness":[214],"effect\u201d":[215],"terms":[217],"norm-based":[219],"coding":[220],"perceptual":[222],"learning.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-03T13:16:28.481748","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}