{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2082972152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jei.24.2.023021","title":"Adaptive unsupervised slow feature analysis for feature extraction","display_name":"Adaptive unsupervised slow feature analysis for feature extraction","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2082972152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jei.24.2.023021","mag":"2082972152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.jei.24.2.023021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jei.24.2.023021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jei.24.2.023021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158511090","display_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"1017-9909","issn":["1017-9909","1560-229X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101628074","display_name":"Xingjian Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2095-9505","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2095-9505","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9027-4987"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingjian Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Univ. of Science and Technology","Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, No.200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing Jiangsu 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2095-9505","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Univ. of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, No.200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing Jiangsu 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103064381","display_name":"Chuancai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7017-6971","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7017-6971"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuancai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Univ. of Science and Technology","Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, No.200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing Jiangsu 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Univ. of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, No.200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing Jiangsu 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371233","display_name":"Sheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-960X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-960X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Univ. of Science and Technology","Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, No.200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing Jiangsu 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Univ. of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, No.200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing Jiangsu 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06475184,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"02","first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slow-feature-analysis","display_name":"slow feature analysis","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-feature-extraction","display_name":"unsupervised feature extraction","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-recognition","display_name":"face recognition","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-structure","display_name":"temporal structure","score":0.4180000126361847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151300846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125539","display_name":"Submanifold","level":2,"score":0.7566428780555725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6882629990577698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.655204176902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.6199353933334351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5848207473754883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.577739417552948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.555781364440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5203511118888855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11940443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16965645","display_name":"Slowness","level":2,"score":0.5179845094680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4720626175403595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4710994362831116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78397625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192487","display_name":"Discriminant","level":2,"score":0.4342223107814789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3334053158760071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3085356056690216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.22250524163246155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.jei.24.2.023021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jei.24.2.023021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jei.24.2.023021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158511090","display_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"1017-9909","issn":["1017-9909","1560-229X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7730201639","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u5b50\u7a7a\u95f4\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4f4e\u79e9\u77e9\u9635\u6062\u590d\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61373063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323970","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W189912361","https://openalex.org/W194179263","https://openalex.org/W1511812886","https://openalex.org/W1591385104","https://openalex.org/W1595132914","https://openalex.org/W1904464160","https://openalex.org/W1974097586","https://openalex.org/W1977814411","https://openalex.org/W1979930838","https://openalex.org/W1980878039","https://openalex.org/W1985046575","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2002185057","https://openalex.org/W2006904655","https://openalex.org/W2009596443","https://openalex.org/W2028614210","https://openalex.org/W2041785029","https://openalex.org/W2050635887","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2062716212","https://openalex.org/W2071590642","https://openalex.org/W2074093043","https://openalex.org/W2078188566","https://openalex.org/W2082969745","https://openalex.org/W2086081881","https://openalex.org/W2095609079","https://openalex.org/W2097308346","https://openalex.org/W2103250033","https://openalex.org/W2103940968","https://openalex.org/W2115744897","https://openalex.org/W2117553576","https://openalex.org/W2123921160","https://openalex.org/W2129265144","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2142126424","https://openalex.org/W2143103810","https://openalex.org/W2146444479","https://openalex.org/W2149544245","https://openalex.org/W2150796457","https://openalex.org/W2167601730","https://openalex.org/W2186250771","https://openalex.org/W2994340921","https://openalex.org/W3148981562","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W7034449035"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2078188566","https://openalex.org/W194179263","https://openalex.org/W2186250771","https://openalex.org/W2970489532","https://openalex.org/W2016277304","https://openalex.org/W4294891637","https://openalex.org/W2115762103","https://openalex.org/W586434196","https://openalex.org/W2888780741","https://openalex.org/W2293843044"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Slow":[0],"feature":[1,96],"analysis":[2,97],"(SFA)":[3],"extracts":[4],"slowly":[5],"varying":[6],"features":[7],"out":[8],"of":[9,124,136,173],"the":[10,26,58,79,129,134,137,149,154,171],"input":[11],"data":[12],"and":[13,132,152],"has":[14],"been":[15],"successfully":[16],"applied":[17,33],"on":[18,25,34,52,128,165],"pattern":[19],"recognition.":[20],"However,":[21],"SFA":[22,31,47],"heavily":[23],"relies":[24],"constructed":[27,62,115],"time":[28,49,59,71,76,109,116,125,138],"series":[29,50,60,72,77,110,117,126,139],"when":[30],"is":[32,66,82,99,140],"databases":[35,169],"that":[36,146],"neither":[37],"have":[38,43,118],"obvious":[39],"temporal":[40],"structure":[41],"nor":[42],"label":[44],"information.":[45],"Traditional":[46],"constructs":[48],"based":[51],"k-nearest":[53],"neighborhood":[54],"(k-NN)":[55],"criterion.":[56],"Specifically,":[57],"set":[61],"by":[63],"k-NN":[64],"criterion":[65,106],"likely":[67],"to":[68,84,107,157],"include":[69],"noisy":[70],"or":[73],"lose":[74],"suitable":[75],"because":[78],"parameter":[80],"k":[81],"difficult":[83],"determine.":[85],"To":[86],"overcome":[87],"these":[88],"problems,":[89],"a":[90],"method":[91],"called":[92],"adaptive":[93,105],"unsupervised":[94],"slow":[95,159],"(AUSFA)":[98],"proposed.":[100],"First,":[101],"AUSFA":[102,143],"designs":[103],"an":[104],"generate":[108],"for":[111],"characterizing":[112],"submanifold.":[113],"The":[114],"two":[119,122],"properties:":[120],"(1)":[121],"points":[123],"lie":[127],"same":[130],"submanifold":[131,135],"(2)":[133],"smooth.":[141],"Second,":[142],"seeks":[144],"projections":[145],"simultaneously":[147],"minimize":[148],"slowness":[150],"scatter":[151,156],"maximize":[153],"fastness":[155],"extract":[158],"discriminant":[160],"features.":[161],"Extensive":[162],"experimental":[163],"results":[164],"three":[166],"benchmark":[167],"face":[168],"demonstrate":[170],"effectiveness":[172],"our":[174],"proposed":[175],"method.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}