{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2082726142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.478","title":"Effects of illumination direction on the perception of shape from shading for photometrically accurate images of randomly shaped surfaces","display_name":"Effects of illumination direction on the perception of shape from shading for photometrically accurate images of randomly shaped surfaces","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2082726142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.478","mag":"2082726142"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1167/3.9.478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137468011","display_name":"Journal of Vision","issn_l":"1534-7362","issn":["1534-7362"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315919","host_organization_name":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.478","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"B. Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001915635","display_name":"James T. Todd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-8600","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-8600"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. T Todd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30460928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"9","first_page":"478","last_page":"478"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.007799999788403511,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shape-from-shading","display_name":"shape from shading","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lighting-direction","display_name":"light direction","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-perception","display_name":"depth perception","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-depth","display_name":"relative depth","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cast-shadows","display_name":"cast shadows","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indirect-illumination","display_name":"indirect illumination","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/area-lights","display_name":"area lights","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptual-ambiguity","display_name":"perceptual ambiguity","score":0.42500001192092896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.6491063237190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6111535429954529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5888262987136841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5826594233512878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50747851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6410776","display_name":"Kinetic depth effect","level":4,"score":0.5513316988945007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.502030611038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186633575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845060","display_name":"Maxima and minima","level":2,"score":0.47763505578041077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.4552764296531677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38845402002334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.3734644651412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3596423864364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52672216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1749840","display_name":"Depth perception","level":3,"score":0.3520190417766571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24955135583877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.20667660236358643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.12518125772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1167/3.9.478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137468011","display_name":"Journal of Vision","issn_l":"1534-7362","issn":["1534-7362"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315919","host_organization_name":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1167/3.9.478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137468011","display_name":"Journal of Vision","issn_l":"1534-7362","issn":["1534-7362"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315919","host_organization_name":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4251590300","https://openalex.org/W4230647304","https://openalex.org/W1995769660","https://openalex.org/W761643398","https://openalex.org/W1467147882","https://openalex.org/W2069820074","https://openalex.org/W2964330896","https://openalex.org/W2569227506","https://openalex.org/W2017390708","https://openalex.org/W2010921706"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0,167],"is":[1,25],"a":[2,28,65,112,169],"common":[3],"belief":[4],"among":[5],"perceptual":[6,232],"psychologists":[7],"that":[8,22,70,231],"shaded":[9],"images":[10,61],"are":[11,54],"inherently":[12],"ambiguous":[13],"with":[14,64,88,100,216,235],"respect":[15],"to":[16,30,45,242],"the":[17,40,72,133,154,165,183,190,217,223],"sign":[18],"of":[19,50,74,91,135,157,172,186,208],"relief,":[20],"and":[21,79,93,145,179,198],"this":[23],"ambiguity":[24],"resolved":[26],"by":[27,56,111,141],"bias":[29],"perceive":[31],"surfaces":[32,53,117],"illuminated":[33,120],"from":[34,121],"above.":[35],"The":[36,60,82,116],"research":[37],"described":[38],"in":[39,192],"present":[41],"paper":[42],"was":[43,168],"designed":[44],"investigate":[46],"how":[47],"observers'":[48,199],"perceptions":[49],"smoothly":[51],"curved":[52],"influenced":[55],"various":[57],"illumination":[58,187,209],"patterns.":[59],"were":[62,188,195,201,212,226],"generated":[63],"photometrically":[66],"accurate":[67],"rendering":[68,237],"model":[69],"simulates":[71],"effects":[73],"area":[75],"lights,":[76],"cast":[77],"shadows":[78],"indirect":[80],"illuminations.":[81],"displays":[83],"depicted":[84],"roughly":[85],"spherical":[86],"objects":[87,96],"random":[89],"patterns":[90,185],"ridges":[92],"valleys.":[94],"These":[95,228],"could":[97,108,118],"be":[98,109,119],"presented":[99],"visible":[101],"smooth":[102],"occlusion":[103,224],"contours,":[104],"or":[105,129],"these":[106,175],"contours":[107,225],"masked":[110],"uniformly":[113],"convex":[114],"aperture.":[115],"four":[122],"different":[123,184],"directions":[124],"(i.e.,":[125],"above,":[126],"below,":[127],"left":[128],"right).":[130],"Observers":[131],"judged":[132,153,193],"pattern":[134],"ordinal":[136],"depth":[137,159,194],"on":[138,164,174],"each":[139,205],"object":[140],"marking":[142],"local":[143],"maxima":[144],"minima":[146],"along":[147],"designated":[148,161],"scan":[149],"lines.":[150],"They":[151,211],"also":[152,213],"apparent":[155],"magnitudes":[156],"relative":[158],"between":[160,180],"probe":[162],"points":[163],"surface.":[166],"high":[170],"degree":[171],"reliability":[173],"tasks":[176],"both":[177],"within":[178],"observers.":[181],"When":[182],"compared,":[189],"variations":[191],"remarkably":[196],"small,":[197],"judgments":[200],"highly":[202,214],"correlated":[203,215],"across":[204],"possible":[206],"pair":[207],"conditions.":[210],"ground":[218],"truth":[219],"\u2014":[220],"even":[221],"when":[222],"masked.":[227],"findings":[229],"suggest":[230],"ambiguities":[233],"obtained":[234],"unrealistic":[236],"models":[238],"may":[239],"not":[240],"generalize":[241],"more":[243],"natural":[244],"contexts.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
