{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2082431219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01726.x","title":"Optimal timing of injection of once\u2010daily insulin glargine in people with Type 1 diabetes using insulin lispro at meal\u2010times","display_name":"Optimal timing of injection of once\u2010daily insulin glargine in people with Type 1 diabetes using insulin lispro at meal\u2010times","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2082431219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01726.x","mag":"2082431219","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16409565"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01726.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01726.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01726.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72944096","display_name":"Diabetic Medicine","issn_l":"0742-3071","issn":["0742-3071","1096-9136","1464-5491"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetic Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.25405/ncl.34627953","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111412208","display_name":"Simon G. Ashwell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7387-6444","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7387-6444"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. G. Ashwell","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. s.g.ashwell@ncl.ac.uk","(University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. s.g.ashwell@ncl.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046094063","display_name":"J. Gebbie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Gebbie","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108247584","display_name":"P. D. Home","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. D. Home","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111412208"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"apc_list":{"value":4870,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4870},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6643,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93089592,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"46","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10793","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Education","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-1-diabetes","display_name":"type 1 diabetes","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-glargine","display_name":"insulin glargine","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-lispro","display_name":"insulin lispro","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-daily-injections","display_name":"multiple daily insulin injections","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-control","display_name":"glycemic control","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-monitoring-of-blood-glucose","display_name":"self-monitoring of blood glucose","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hba1c","display_name":"HbA1c","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fructosamine","display_name":"fructosamine","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nocturnal-hypoglycemia","display_name":"nocturnal hypoglycemia","score":0.7459999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9361011981964111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779920387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417317","display_name":"Insulin glargine","level":4,"score":0.8571987748146057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776486108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3492616","display_name":"Insulin lispro","level":4,"score":0.8232583403587341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778345441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6460735","display_name":"Meal","level":2,"score":0.7169406414031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.6635314226150513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.6313253045082092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.6005222201347351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.5862126350402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.5196931958198547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781232474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124407","display_name":"Type 1 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.4714905917644501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781357877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61913591","display_name":"Fructosamine","level":3,"score":0.41358262300491333}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069036","descriptor_name":"Insulin Glargine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004334","descriptor_name":"Drug Administration Schedule","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004435","descriptor_name":"Eating","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005632","descriptor_name":"Fructose","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006442","descriptor_name":"Glycated Hemoglobin","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007003","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemia","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007004","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007267","descriptor_name":"Injections","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000031","qualifier_name":"analogs & derivatives","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015190","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017060","descriptor_name":"Patient Satisfaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018592","descriptor_name":"Cross-Over Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049528","descriptor_name":"Insulin, Long-Acting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061268","descriptor_name":"Insulin Lispro","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01726.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01726.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01726.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72944096","display_name":"Diabetic Medicine","issn_l":"0742-3071","issn":["0742-3071","1096-9136","1464-5491"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetic Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:16409565","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16409565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"doi:10.25405/ncl.34627953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25405/ncl.34627953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25405/ncl.34627953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402485","display_name":"Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","host_organization_name":"Newcastle University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.25405/ncl.34627953.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25405/ncl.34627953.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25405/ncl.34627953.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402485","display_name":"Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","host_organization_name":"Newcastle University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.25405/ncl.34627953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25405/ncl.34627953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25405/ncl.34627953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402485","display_name":"Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","host_organization_name":"Newcastle University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/randomized-controlled-trial","display_name":"Randomized Controlled Trial"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306493","display_name":"Abbott Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/0052svj16"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307758","display_name":"Eli Lilly and Company","ror":"https://ror.org/01qat3289"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971493468","https://openalex.org/W1989775174","https://openalex.org/W2003778247","https://openalex.org/W2058777107","https://openalex.org/W2062694136","https://openalex.org/W2079816845","https://openalex.org/W2100852831","https://openalex.org/W2120959864","https://openalex.org/W2158144637","https://openalex.org/W2160880263","https://openalex.org/W2167562050","https://openalex.org/W2170045262"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2170045262","https://openalex.org/W7222851066","https://openalex.org/W2039407461","https://openalex.org/W2025027493","https://openalex.org/W2143030163","https://openalex.org/W2059989157","https://openalex.org/W3029466634","https://openalex.org/W2079816845","https://openalex.org/W201019284","https://openalex.org/W1980168471"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"AIMS:":[0],"To":[1],"compare":[2],"blood":[3,100],"glucose":[4,101,197,281],"control":[5],"when":[6],"insulin":[7,23,43,72,230,290,316],"glargine":[8,44,109,166,204,242,291,317],"is":[9,312],"given":[10,293],"at":[11,25,46,110,113,205,234,294,318],"lunch-time,":[12,295],"dinner-time,":[13],"and":[14,89],"bed-time":[15,63,206],"in":[16,304],"people":[17,35],"with":[18,36,79,106,164,201,240],"Type":[19,37],"1":[20,38],"diabetes":[21,39],"using":[22],"lispro":[24],"meal-times.":[26],"METHODS:":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29],"16-week,":[30],"three-way,":[31],"cross-over":[32],"study,":[33],"23":[34],"were":[40],"randomized":[41],"to":[42,191,302],"injection":[45,107,169,202,245,288,300],"lunch-time":[47,111,319],"(L)":[48],"[mean":[49],"12.37":[50],"+/-":[51,59,66,118,125,130,143,148,153,173,178,183,212,217,222,249,254,259],"00.34":[52],"(+/-":[53,120],"sd)":[54],"h],":[55],"dinner-time":[56,165,241,296],"(D)":[57],"(18.12":[58],"00.40":[60,67],"h),":[61,68],"or":[62,127,150,180,219,256,297,320],"(B)":[64],"(22.29":[65],"each":[69],"plus":[70],"meal-time":[71],"lispro.":[73],"Each":[74],"4-week":[75],"treatment":[76,96,277],"period":[77],"concluded":[78],"a":[80],"24-h":[81],"inpatient":[82,195],"metabolic":[83],"profile.":[84],"RESULTS:":[85],"Insulin":[86],"doses,":[87],"HbA(1c),":[88],"fructosamine":[90],"concentration":[91,103,198,231],"did":[92],"not":[93,269],"differ":[94],"between":[95,276],"periods.":[97,278],"Pre-breakfast":[98],"self-monitored":[99],"(SMBG)":[102],"was":[104,138,162,199,232,268],"higher":[105,163,200],"of":[108,203,237,266,273,287,289,308],"than":[112,167,207,243],"other":[114,168,208,244],"times":[115,170,209,246],"[L:":[116],"9.2":[117],"0.3":[119,126,131],"se)":[121],"vs.":[122,145,175,214,251],"D:":[123,146,220],"8.2":[124],"B:":[128,151,181,257],"8.0":[129],"mmol/l,":[132,155,185,224],"P":[133,156,186,225,262],"=":[134,157,187,226],"0.016],":[135],"as":[136],"probably":[137],"pre-lunch":[139],"SMBG":[140,160],"(L:":[141],"8.6":[142],"0.7":[144,149],"6.4":[147,152],"0.8":[154],"0.051).":[158],"Pre-dinner":[159],"level":[161],"(D:":[171,247],"9.4":[172],"0.9":[174,179],"L:":[176,215,252],"4.9":[177],"7.4":[182],"1.1":[184],"0.007).":[188],"For":[189],"22.00":[190],"02.00":[192],"h,":[193],"mean":[194],"plasma":[196],"(B:":[210],"9.1":[211],"0.6":[213,218,223],"7.8":[216],"6.7":[221],"0.023).":[227],"Plasma":[228],"free":[229],"lower":[233],"the":[235,238,285,305,309],"end":[236],"afternoon":[239],"11.5":[248],"1.4":[250],"20.2":[253],"1.3":[255,260],"16.5":[258],"mU/l,":[261],"<":[263],"0.001).":[264],"Frequency":[265],"hypoglycaemia":[267,274],"different,":[270],"but":[271],"timing":[272],"differed":[275],"CONCLUSIONS:":[279],"Blood":[280],"levels":[282],"rise":[283],"around":[284],"time":[286],"whether":[292],"bed-time.":[298],"Bed-time":[299],"leads":[301],"hyperglycaemia":[303],"early":[306],"part":[307],"night":[310],"which":[311],"improved":[313],"by":[314],"giving":[315],"dinner-time.":[321]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}