{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2082242014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/287279","title":"Concepts without Primitives","display_name":"Concepts without Primitives","publication_year":1953,"publication_date":"1953-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2082242014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/287279","mag":"2082242014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/287279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/287279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/287279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147691735","display_name":"Philosophy of Science","issn_l":"0031-8248","issn":["0031-8248","1539-767X","1540-4684"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Philosophy of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036246154","display_name":"C. West Churchman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. West Churchman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Case Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Case Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036246154"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14918117,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"257","last_page":"265"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.5044000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.5044000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13558","display_name":"Logic and Philosophy of Science","score":0.4828999936580658,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primitive-concepts","display_name":"primitive concepts","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-analysis","display_name":"conceptual analysis","score":0.5519999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.6237753033638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47921425104141235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.40057075023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.39003515243530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.32618212699890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.26349982619285583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11291825771331787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/287279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/287279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/287279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147691735","display_name":"Philosophy of Science","issn_l":"0031-8248","issn":["0031-8248","1539-767X","1540-4684"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Philosophy of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W351644314","https://openalex.org/W1987002300","https://openalex.org/W1987760773","https://openalex.org/W2039910521","https://openalex.org/W2039932197","https://openalex.org/W2055708820","https://openalex.org/W2091311817","https://openalex.org/W2327075442","https://openalex.org/W4297683890"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7106175530","https://openalex.org/W2807040001","https://openalex.org/W2075369180","https://openalex.org/W2556156599","https://openalex.org/W2330473897","https://openalex.org/W2884829519","https://openalex.org/W3094562293","https://openalex.org/W1979737182","https://openalex.org/W117805457","https://openalex.org/W2553041460"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"1.":[0],"Outline":[1],"of":[2,19,24,31,40],"the":[3,28,38,41,50,56,59],"Project.":[4],"This":[5],"paper":[6],"is":[7,27,52],"intended":[8],"to":[9,45],"be":[10],"a":[11,15],"progress":[12],"report":[13,26],"on":[14],"project":[16],"in":[17,58],"philosophy":[18],"science.":[20],"The":[21],"immediate":[22],"stimulus":[23],"this":[25],"eightieth":[29],"birthday":[30],"E.":[32],"A.":[33],"Singer,":[34],"Jr.,":[35],"who":[36],"was":[37],"inspiration":[39],"project,":[42],"and,":[43],"needless":[44],"say,":[46],"though":[47],"responsible":[48,54],"for":[49,55],"whole":[51],"not":[53],"misconceptions":[57],"specific":[60],"parts.":[61]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
