{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2082017799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08715.x","title":"Global arginine bioavailability in Tanzanian sickle cell anaemia patients at steady\u2010state: a nested case control study of deaths versus survivors","display_name":"Global arginine bioavailability in Tanzanian sickle cell anaemia patients at steady\u2010state: a nested case control study of deaths versus survivors","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2082017799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08715.x","mag":"2082017799","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21595648","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3592384"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08715.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08715.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08715.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153015021","display_name":"British Journal of Haematology","issn_l":"0007-1048","issn":["0007-1048","1365-2141"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Haematology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3592384","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008075671","display_name":"Sharon Elizabeth Cox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9908-2936","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9908-2936"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154840374","display_name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/027pr6c67","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB","TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharon E. Cox","raw_affiliation_strings":["MRC International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK","Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050401653","display_name":"Julie Makani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4801-6250","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4801-6250"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154840374","display_name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/027pr6c67","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB","TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Makani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania","Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047635236","display_name":"Albert Komba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3164-9315","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3164-9315"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154840374","display_name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/027pr6c67","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert N. Komba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania","Muhimbili University of Health & Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muhimbili University of Health & Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036815072","display_name":"Deogratius Soka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3347-2755","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3347-2755"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154840374","display_name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/027pr6c67","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deogratius Soka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania","Muhimbili University of Health & Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muhimbili University of Health & Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014291864","display_name":"Charles R. J. C. Newton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-5507","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-5507"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154840374","display_name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/027pr6c67","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267625","display_name":"KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03my81p15","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4405267625","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB","KE","TZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles R. Newton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Geographic Medicine Research \u2013 Coast,\u2028Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kilifi, Kenya","Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania","Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK\u2028"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research \u2013 Coast,\u2028Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kilifi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I4405267625"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK\u2028","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002772850","display_name":"Fenella Jane Kirkham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2443-7958","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2443-7958"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fenella J. Kirkham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Child Health, University College London, UKE-mail: sharon.cox@lshtm.ac.uk","Institute of Child Health; University College London; UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Child Health, University College London, UKE-mail: sharon.cox@lshtm.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Child Health; University College London; UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018797559","display_name":"Andrew M. Prentice","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5389-451X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5389-451X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew M. Prentice","raw_affiliation_strings":["MRC International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002772850","https://openalex.org/A5014291864"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374","https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I4405267625","https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":5190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5190},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3059,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61073432,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"155","issue":"4","first_page":"522","last_page":"524"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10554","display_name":"Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2716","display_name":"Genetics (clinical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10554","display_name":"Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2716","display_name":"Genetics (clinical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10452","display_name":"Iron Metabolism and Disorders","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2720","display_name":"Hematology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12094","display_name":"Hemoglobin structure and function","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sickle-cell-disease","display_name":"sickle cell disease","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arginine-bioavailability","display_name":"arginine bioavailability","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/l-arginine-supplementation","display_name":"arginine supplementation","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality","display_name":"mortality","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steady-state","display_name":"steady state","score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tanzanian-patients","display_name":"Tanzanian patients","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemoglobin-s","display_name":"hemoglobin S","score":0.35100001096725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776796294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410198","display_name":"Ornithine","level":4,"score":0.7513852715492249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777468819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173670","display_name":"Arginine","level":3,"score":0.6493160724639893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6380956172943115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165617652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17071134","display_name":"Nested case-control study","level":3,"score":0.59368497133255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5641692876815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164007495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24721374","display_name":"Arginase","level":4,"score":0.4714325964450836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4713033139705658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779129087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408641","display_name":"Citrulline","level":4,"score":0.45132651925086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780976302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677915","display_name":"Acute chest syndrome","level":4,"score":0.43050435185432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569","display_name":"Gastroenterology","level":1,"score":0.4043395519256592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.3347516655921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778620579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185034","display_name":"Sickle cell anemia","level":3,"score":0.32046109437942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.30298250913619995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515207424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066","display_name":"Amino acid","level":2,"score":0.2375718057155609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.2325667440891266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2048378884792328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.1757686734199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.08971509337425232}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000755","descriptor_name":"Anemia, Sickle Cell","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001120","descriptor_name":"Arginine","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001682","descriptor_name":"Biological Availability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006451","descriptor_name":"Hemoglobin, Sickle","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013636","descriptor_name":"Tanzania","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016019","descriptor_name":"Survival Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08715.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08715.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08715.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153015021","display_name":"British Journal of Haematology","issn_l":"0007-1048","issn":["0007-1048","1365-2141"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Haematology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21595648","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21595648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British journal of haematology","raw_type":"Letter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2591836","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3592384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3592384","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3592384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Br J Haematol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:429219","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/429219/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Letter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1307836","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1307836/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BRIT J HAEMATOL , 155 (4) 522 - 524. (2011)","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:763221e6-2ff6-455a-a70a-c467132b3db3","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:763221e6-2ff6-455a-a70a-c467132b3db3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symplectic Elements at Oxford","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2591836","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3592384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G270711555","display_name":"Developing research capacity and leadership in East Africa from the KEMRI- Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya","funder_award_id":"084538","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4813863408","display_name":"Defining the spectrum of sickle cell disease in East Africa: a clinico-epidemiological study.","funder_award_id":"072064","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5751159900","display_name":"Tanzania sickle cell programme (Newton).","funder_award_id":"095009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8255564764","display_name":"The role of micronutrients, and genes affecting their metabolism, as determinants of the severity of sickle cell disease in East Africa.","funder_award_id":"080025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331393","display_name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/027pr6c67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980127925","https://openalex.org/W2003319782","https://openalex.org/W2007745105","https://openalex.org/W2049292864","https://openalex.org/W2107734982","https://openalex.org/W2172072865"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3000705834","https://openalex.org/W2979786705","https://openalex.org/W2049292864","https://openalex.org/W4389232097","https://openalex.org/W2588929134","https://openalex.org/W2100787808","https://openalex.org/W4389222075","https://openalex.org/W4364360532","https://openalex.org/W2061561528","https://openalex.org/W2547532817"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"l-Arginine,":[0],"a":[1,22,29,174,181,301,370,381,455,594,617,819,1070,1083],"semi-essential":[2],"amino":[3,212,373,409,429,587,635,654,689,707,830,1067,1143,1267,1317],"acid,":[4],"is":[5,18,48,95,125,136,145,1063,1075,1326],"the":[6,26,64,112,168,230,271,324,391,426,467,528,563,876,885,952,1009,1017,1029,1090,1096,1112,1142,1147,1163,1166,1198,1214,1218,1227,1234,1244,1249,1309,1314,1330,1340,1352,1356],"sole":[7],"substrate":[8],"for":[9,68,167,208,248,332,347,386,396,477,484,490,515,556,596,614,661,732,766,887,1140,1152,1175,1185,1329,1355],"endothelial":[10,69],"nitric":[11],"oxide":[12],"synthase":[13],"(eNOS).":[14],"Reduced":[15,77],"NO":[16,999],"availability":[17],"hypothesized":[19,149],"to":[20,89,162,407,536,554,748,862,937,978,1008,1105,1277,1351],"be":[21,154,537,639,1349],"key":[23],"component":[24],"in":[25,34,99,111,141,156,270,344,463,523,600,641,675,697,717,745,867,879,892,897,944,951,971,1047,1059,1082,1165,1270,1304],"pathophysiology":[27],"of":[28,31,86,185,210,221,233,241,273,303,320,425,457,494,498,508,527,569,586,646,653,667,688,706,715,775,829,856,860,942,949,966,1032,1055,1079,1089,1092,1098,1100,1116,1243,1288,1297,1316,1334],"range":[30],"complications":[32],"observed":[33,765],"sickle":[35,1186],"cell":[36],"disease":[37,110,968,1093],"(SCD)":[38],"and":[39,59,108,203,223,229,245,266,285,313,343,398,412,416,422,432,437,496,560,602,628,648,657,670,677,682,684,699,704,723,727,787,804,841,864,870,923,969,1005,1015,1038,1043,1086,1114,1118,1136,1154,1179,1182,1190,1208,1216,1225,1279,1299,1301,1312],"other":[40,1259],"haemolytic":[41,719,945],"disorders":[42],"(Gladwin":[43],"&":[44,235,933,1222,1231,1238],"Kato,":[45],"2005).":[46],"Ornithine":[47,66],"metabolized":[49],"from":[50,55,218,310,460,487,552,907,957],"arginine":[51,79,124,861,913],"by":[52,390,434,519,1197,1339],"arginase,":[53],"released":[54],"lysed":[56],"red":[57],"cells":[58,62],"damaged":[60],"liver":[61,649,989,1300],"into":[63,1308],"plasma.":[65],"competes":[67],"uptake":[70],"with":[71,97,127,138,187,558,734,772,818,875],"arginine,":[72],"thus":[73,503],"reducing":[74],"its":[75,1013],"availability.":[76],"global":[78],"bioavailability":[80],"(GAB),":[81],"measured":[82,368,792],"as":[83,268,616,1065,1287],"low":[84,122,1106],"ratios":[85,431,786,886,925],"plasma":[87,123,211,307,888,1266],"l-arginine":[88],"l-ornithine":[90,92],"or":[91,278,297,357,533,632,769,1258,1332],"plus":[93],"l-citrulline,":[94],"associated":[96,126,137],"mortality":[98],"adult":[100],"American":[101,980],"SCD":[102,143,1048],"patients":[103,144,157,186,462,479,529,663,679,701,950,976,1049,1113,1272,1283,1305],"(Morris":[104,881],"et":[105,116,131,255,882,920,1022],"al,":[106,117,132,256,883,921,1023],"2005)":[107],"cardiovascular":[109],"general":[113],"population":[114],"(Tang":[115],"2009).":[118,257],"In":[119,736,873],"cerebral":[120],"malaria,":[121],"case":[128,176,511],"fatality":[129],"(Lopansri":[130],"2003).":[133],"Whether":[134],"GAB":[135,152,413,603,627,785,857,889],"adverse":[139],"outcomes":[140],"African":[142,975],"not":[146,547,822,1327],"known.":[147],"We":[148,1109,1127,1160],"that":[150],"steady-state":[151,269,473,983,1319],"would":[153],"lower":[155,582,597,606,788,891,1056],"who":[158,480,894,1061,1122,1273,1284],"had":[159,453,481,530,574,580,911],"died":[160,482,896,1062,1275],"compared":[161,747,936,977,1276],"matched":[163,489,1281],"controls":[164,488,573,724,749,871],"followed":[165],"up":[166],"same":[169],"time":[170,585,652,687,705,828,1315],"period.":[171],"This":[172,1193],"was":[173,216,308,513,546,593,604,695,712,729,742,1195],"retrospective,":[175],"control":[177],"study":[178],"nested":[179],"within":[180,300,317],"prospective":[182],"urban":[183,908],"cohort":[184,250,1310],"confirmed":[188],"haemoglobin":[189,631],"SS":[190],"at":[191,262,315,323,584,651,680,686,702,740,793,827,1028,1146,1170,1306,1313],"Muhimbili":[192,219],"National":[193,394,1150],"Hospital,":[194],"Dar-es-Salaam,":[195,909,1120],"Tanzania.":[196],"Archived":[197,472],"samples":[198,259,292,474,486],"collected":[199,261,1233],"between":[200,414,419,428,626,721,783,947],"July":[201,450,469,1290],"2007":[202],"June":[204],"2009":[205],"were":[206,260,293,330,367,405,442,475,501,534,622,659,673,764,780,890,1285],"available":[207,476,660,674,696],"analysis":[209,589,656,832,954],"acids.":[213],"Ethics":[214],"approval":[215],"granted":[217],"University":[220],"Health":[222],"Allied":[224],"Science":[225],"(reference":[226,238],"MU/RP/AEC/VOL":[227],"XI/33)":[228],"London":[231],"School":[232],"Hygiene":[234],"Tropical":[236],"Medicine":[237],"5158).":[239],"Recruitment":[240],"patients,":[242],"clinical":[243,1167,1176,1235],"procedures":[244],"data":[246,776,1215],"collection":[247,322,500],"this":[249,898,1066,1124],"have":[251],"been":[252,454],"described":[253],"(Makani":[254],"Blood":[258],"scheduled":[263],"clinic":[264],"visits":[265],"classified":[267],"absence":[272],"pain,":[274],"fever":[275],"(temperature":[276],">37\u00b74\u00b0C),":[277],"current/recent":[279],"malaria":[280],"infection":[281],"(malaria":[282],"rapid":[283],"tests":[284],"microscopy).":[286],"To":[287],"further":[288],"ensure":[289],"true":[290],"steady-state,":[291],"excluded":[294],"if":[295],"hospitalization":[296,577],"death":[298,970],"occurred":[299],"month":[302,497],"sample":[304,328,499,512,959,1085,1191,1320],"collection.":[305,1321],"EDTA":[306],"separated":[309],"whole":[311],"blood":[312,321,327,335,348,1003,1034],"stored":[314],"\u221280\u00b0C":[316],"2":[318],"h":[319],"clinic.":[325],"Separate":[326],"tubes":[329],"used":[331,406],"routine":[333,544],"complete":[334],"counts":[336],"(Pentra":[337],"60,":[338],"Horiba":[339],"ABX,":[340],"Kyoto,":[341],"Japan)":[342],"some":[345,662],"cases":[346,415,601,722,746,868],"chemistry":[349,1168,1177],"(Roche":[350],"Cobas":[351],"Mira,":[352],"New":[353,360],"York,":[354,361],"NY,":[355,362],"USA":[356],"Abbott":[358],"Architect,":[359],"USA).":[363],"Amino":[364],"acid":[365,374,410,430,588,636,655,690,708,831,1068,1144,1268,1318],"profiles":[366,637],"on":[369,1041],"Biochrom":[371],"30":[372],"analyser":[375],"(Biochrom":[376],"Instruments,":[377],"Cambridge,":[378],"UK)":[379],"using":[380,444],"lithium":[382],"high-resolution":[383],"column":[384],"optimized":[385],"physiological":[387],"fluid":[388],"separations":[389],"Neurometabolic":[392,1148],"Unit,":[393,1149],"Hospital":[395,1151],"Neurology":[397,1153],"Neurosurgery,":[399,1155],"London,":[400,1158],"UK.":[401,1159],"Unpaired":[402],"Student\u2019s":[403],"t-tests":[404],"compare":[408],"concentrations":[411,914,1269],"controls.":[417],"Associations":[418],"continuous":[420],"variables":[421],"possible":[423,505],"confounding":[424],"relationship":[427],"group":[433,520],"age,":[435,491,629],"sex":[436,1280],"body":[438],"mass":[439],"index":[440],"(BMI)":[441],"investigated":[443],"linear":[445],"regression":[446,797],"models.":[447],"On":[448],"1st":[449,1289],"2009,":[451],"there":[452,621,730,779,1074],"total":[456,669,1042],"40":[458],"deaths":[459],"1060":[461],"active":[464],"follow-up":[465,495],"during":[466],"period":[468],"2007\u2013June":[470],"2009.":[471,1291],"12":[478],"(cases)":[483],"whom":[485],"sex,":[492,630],"duration":[493],"available,":[502],"minimizing":[504],"extraneous":[506],"sources":[507],"variation.":[509],"One":[510],"insufficient":[514],"analysis.":[516],"Patient":[517],"characteristics":[518],"are":[521,1050],"shown":[522],"Table":[524,642,1261,1292],"I.":[525],"None":[526],"symptoms":[531],"of,":[532],"known":[535],"positive":[538],"for,":[539],"human":[540],"immunodeficiency":[541],"virus,":[542],"although":[543,620],"testing":[545],"conducted.":[548],"Previous":[549],"hospitalizations":[550],"ranged":[551],"0":[553],"5":[555],"cases,":[557],"pain":[559],"anaemia":[561],"being":[562],"most":[564],"frequent":[565],"causes":[566,965],"(14":[567],"out":[568],"23":[570],"hospitalizations).":[571],"Four":[572],"one":[575],"previous":[576,877],"each.":[578],"Cases":[579],"significantly":[581,605,743],"BMI":[583,615],"(Table":[590,607,664,725],"I).":[591],"There":[592,711],"trend":[595],"taurine":[598,1057],"levels":[599,1046,1058],"I)":[608],"which":[609],"remained":[610],"significant":[611,624,781],"when":[612,791],"adjusting":[613],"potential":[618],"co-factor,":[619],"no":[623,713,762,1255],"associations":[625,733,782],"BMI.":[633],"Full":[634],"can":[638],"seen":[640],"SI.":[643,1262],"Laboratory":[644],"markers":[645,720,946,1296],"haemolysis":[647],"function":[650,1014,1303],"enrolment":[658],"SII).":[665],"Markers":[666],"haemolysis,":[668],"unconjugated":[671],"bilirubin":[672,739,790,866,985,1045],"21/23":[676],"19/23":[678],"enrollment":[681,703,741,794,1307],"14/23":[683],"9/23":[685],"analysis,":[691,709],"whilst":[692],"lactate":[693],"dehydrogenase":[694],"eight":[698],"14":[700],"respectively.":[710],"evidence":[714,731],"differences":[716,763],"these":[718,972,1080],"SII)":[726],"nor":[728],"GAB.":[735],"contrast,":[737],"conjugated":[738,789,865,984,1044],"higher":[744,784,912],"(32\u00b73":[750],"\u03bcmol/l":[751],"vs.":[752],"15\u00b76":[753],"\u03bcmol/l,":[754],"P":[755,801,810,838,849],"=":[756,759,799,802,811,814,836,839,847,850,853],"0\u00b7005,":[757],"n":[758,813,852],"20)":[760,815],"but":[761,900,961],"aspartate":[767],"transaminase":[768],"alkaline":[770],"phosphatase":[771],"smaller":[773],"numbers":[774],"points.":[777],"Interestingly,":[778],"(Arg:Orn":[795,833],"ratio,":[796,808],"coefficient":[798,835,846],"\u22120\u00b7006,":[800,848],"0\u00b7021":[803],"Arg:Orn":[805,842,924],"+":[806,843],"Cit":[807,844],"\u22120\u00b7005,":[809],"0\u00b7021,":[812],"(Fig":[816],"1),":[817],"similar":[820],"association,":[821],"quite":[823],"reaching":[824],"statistical":[825],"significance,":[826],"ratio:":[834,845],"\u22120\u00b7009,":[837],"0\u00b707;":[840],"0\u00b7055,":[851],"9).":[854],"Scatterplot":[855],"(plasma":[858],"ratio":[859],"ornithine)":[863],"(\u2022)":[869],"(\u25cb).":[872],"line":[874],"literature":[878],"adults":[880],"2005),":[884],"adolescents":[893],"subsequently":[895,1274],"small":[899,958],"carefully":[901],"controlled":[902],"study.":[903],"Healthy,":[904],"non-SCA":[905],"children":[906],"Tanzania,":[910],"(120":[915],"\u00b1":[916,927],"10":[917],"\u03bcmol/l;":[918],"Lopansri":[919],"2003);":[922],"[1\u00b735":[926],"0\u00b749":[928],"(unpublished":[929],"observations,":[930],"E.":[931],"Mwaikambo":[932],"D.":[934],"Granger)]":[935],"our":[938],"patients.":[939,981],"The":[940,1052,1252,1324],"lack":[941],"difference":[943],"groups":[948],"current":[953],"may":[955,986],"result":[956],"size,":[960],"could":[962,1001,1094],"reflect":[963],"different":[964],"severe":[967],"relatively":[973],"young":[974],"older":[979],"Increased":[982],"represent":[987],"cholestatic":[988],"dysfunction,":[990],"and/or":[991],"upregulated":[992],"haem-oxygenase":[993],"(HO-1).":[994],"Lower":[995],"GAB,":[996],"through":[997],"decreased":[998],"bioavailability,":[1000],"reduce":[1002],"flow":[1004],"oxygen":[1006,1036],"supply":[1007,1037],"liver,":[1010],"directly":[1011],"affecting":[1012],"increasing":[1016],"compensatory":[1018],"HO-1":[1019,1039],"pathway":[1020],"(Jison":[1021],"2004).":[1024],"Further":[1025],"studies":[1026],"looking":[1027],"relative":[1030],"importance":[1031],"infection,":[1033],"flow,":[1035],"activity":[1040],"warranted.":[1051],"preliminary":[1053],"finding":[1054],"those":[1060],"intriguing":[1064],"has":[1069],"protective":[1071],"effect":[1072],"where":[1073],"oxidative":[1076],"stress.":[1077],"Confirmation":[1078],"findings":[1081],"larger":[1084],"closer":[1087],"investigation":[1088],"pathways":[1091],"form":[1095],"basis":[1097],"development":[1099],"novel":[1101],"dietary":[1102],"interventions":[1103],"appropriate":[1104],"income":[1107],"settings.":[1108],"warmly":[1110],"thank":[1111,1129,1162],"staff":[1115,1164],"MNH":[1117,1171],"MUHAS,":[1119],"Tanzania":[1121],"made":[1123],"work":[1125,1194],"possible.":[1126],"also":[1128,1161],"Dr":[1130,1133,1137],"Alistair":[1131],"Horman,":[1132],"Anthony":[1134],"Briddon":[1135],"John":[1138],"Land":[1139],"conducting":[1141],"analyses":[1145,1178,1189],"Queen":[1156],"Square,":[1157],"unit":[1169],"central":[1172],"pathology":[1173],"laboratory":[1174,1295],"Josephine":[1180],"Mgaya":[1181],"Harvest":[1183],"Mariki":[1184],"diagnoses,":[1187],"haematology":[1188],"archiving.":[1192],"supported":[1196],"Wellcome":[1199],"Trust,":[1200],"UK:":[1201],"project":[1202],"grant":[1203],"080025;":[1204],"Fellowship":[1205],"(JKM)":[1206],"072064":[1207],"Strategic":[1209],"award":[1210],"084538.":[1211],"SEC":[1212,1223],"analysed":[1213],"wrote":[1217],"paper;":[1219],"FJK,":[1220],"AMP":[1221],"conceived":[1224],"designed":[1226],"study;":[1228],"JM,":[1229],"ANK":[1230],"DS":[1232],"data.":[1236],"FJK":[1237],"CRN":[1239],"critically":[1240],"reviewed":[1241],"drafts":[1242],"paper.":[1245],"All":[1246],"authors":[1247,1253],"approved":[1248],"final":[1250],"version.":[1251],"declare":[1254],"competing":[1256],"financial":[1257],"interests.":[1260],"Complete":[1263],"Steady":[1264],"state":[1265],"SCA":[1271,1282],"age":[1278],"alive":[1286],"SII.":[1293],"Available":[1294],"hemolysis":[1298],"kidney":[1302],"(steady-state)":[1311],"Please":[1322],"note:":[1323],"publisher":[1325],"responsible":[1328],"content":[1331],"functionality":[1333],"any":[1335],"supporting":[1336],"information":[1337],"supplied":[1338],"authors.":[1341],"Any":[1342],"queries":[1343],"(other":[1344],"than":[1345],"missing":[1346],"content)":[1347],"should":[1348],"directed":[1350],"corresponding":[1353],"author":[1354],"article.":[1357]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
