{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2082014306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/y298-hvap-l3u2-jmf4","title":"The Export of Hazardous Factories to Developing Nations","display_name":"The Export of Hazardous Factories to Developing Nations","publication_year":1979,"publication_date":"1979-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2082014306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/y298-hvap-l3u2-jmf4","mag":"2082014306","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/489183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2190/y298-hvap-l3u2-jmf4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/y298-hvap-l3u2-jmf4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2190/y298-hvap-l3u2-jmf4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120541213","display_name":"International Journal of Health Services","issn_l":"0020-7314","issn":["0020-7314","1541-4469"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ki-jl-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Health Services","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111607818","display_name":"Barry I. Castleman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Barry I. Castleman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111607818"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.4476,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":111,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98907104,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"569","last_page":"606"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14168","display_name":"Occupational Health and Global Justice","score":0.7261000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14168","display_name":"Occupational Health and Global Justice","score":0.7261000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11552","display_name":"Global trade, sustainability, and social impact","score":0.24060000479221344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.011500000022351742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hazardous-waste-export","display_name":"hazardous waste export","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-relocation","display_name":"industrial relocation","score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollution-regulation","display_name":"pollution regulation","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-safety-regulations","display_name":"occupational safety regulations","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balance-of-payments","display_name":"balance of payments","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-hazards","display_name":"occupational hazards","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-degradation","display_name":"environmental degradation","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-trade","display_name":"international trade","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-relations","display_name":"international relations","score":0.48500001430511475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22507642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069369","display_name":"Hazardous waste","level":2,"score":0.7680845260620117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6646944284439087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779202806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467064","display_name":"Dumping","level":2,"score":0.6634249687194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.6359363198280334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84265765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193219","display_name":"Subsidy","level":2,"score":0.5597231984138489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.5228074789047241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.45357927680015564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160050368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132453","display_name":"Developed country","level":3,"score":0.41290971636772156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2902210056781769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.25604480504989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.17346671223640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.14203143119812012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12001043558120728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.09888869524002075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.09462350606918335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000393","descriptor_name":"Air Pollutants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003906","descriptor_name":"Developing Countries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004781","descriptor_name":"Environmental Exposure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007221","descriptor_name":"Industry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013672","descriptor_name":"Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2190/y298-hvap-l3u2-jmf4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/y298-hvap-l3u2-jmf4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2190/y298-hvap-l3u2-jmf4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120541213","display_name":"International Journal of Health Services","issn_l":"0020-7314","issn":["0020-7314","1541-4469"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ki-jl-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Health Services","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:489183","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/489183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.9211000204086304,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6773999929428101,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.5171999931335449,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.47620001435279846,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W606927099","https://openalex.org/W1518168549","https://openalex.org/W1587903951","https://openalex.org/W1822452245","https://openalex.org/W1930729299","https://openalex.org/W1963705227","https://openalex.org/W2001890502","https://openalex.org/W2014876823","https://openalex.org/W2018034853","https://openalex.org/W2025898062","https://openalex.org/W2027869662","https://openalex.org/W2047325858","https://openalex.org/W2050858093","https://openalex.org/W2081598503","https://openalex.org/W2114201047","https://openalex.org/W2215576026","https://openalex.org/W2801777644","https://openalex.org/W4255457869","https://openalex.org/W4289257222"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4250990354","https://openalex.org/W2562059568","https://openalex.org/W149324702","https://openalex.org/W2077418017","https://openalex.org/W4238273561","https://openalex.org/W2284979909","https://openalex.org/W2414456526","https://openalex.org/W1998993439","https://openalex.org/W4250340634","https://openalex.org/W2971873792"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,77],"export":[1,83,85,104,195],"of":[2,14,29,65,81,86,94,97,101,105,133,154,164],"hazardous":[3,17,157],"industrial":[4,26,59,197],"plants":[5],"to":[6,37,42,69,90,112,121,172],"developing":[7,184],"nations":[8,60],"is":[9,50],"examined":[10],"for":[11,124,193],"a":[12],"number":[13],"industries.":[15],"As":[16],"and":[18,47,74,109,114,140,144,169,178,187],"polluting":[19],"industries":[20,166],"come":[21],"under":[22],"increasing":[23],"regulation":[24],"in":[25,58,99,116,119,142],"nations,":[27,118],"some":[28],"the":[30,62,127,161],"affected":[31],"processes":[32],"are":[33],"exported,":[34],"without":[35],"improvements":[36],"make":[38],"them":[39],"less":[40,148],"hazardous,":[41],"nonregulating":[43,91,102,117],"countries":[44],"where":[45],"cheap":[46],"uninformed":[48],"labor":[49],"abundant.":[51],"\"Runaway":[52],"shops\"":[53],"then":[54],"market":[55],"their":[56],"products":[57],"with":[61,71],"competitive":[63,131],"advantage":[64],"not":[66],"having":[67],"had":[68],"comply":[70],"costly":[72],"workplace":[73],"pollution-control":[75],"regulations.":[76],"international":[78,95,180],"trade":[79],"impacts":[80],"hazard":[82,194],"include:":[84],"jobs":[87],"from":[88,160,183,196],"regulating":[89,128],"countries;":[92,103,129],"shift":[93],"balance":[96],"payments":[98],"favor":[100],"mortal":[106,175],"health":[107,176],"hazards":[108],"environmental":[110],"destruction":[111],"workers":[113,168],"communities":[115,170],"order":[120],"produce":[122],"goods":[123],"consumption":[125],"by":[126,167],"weakened":[130],"position":[132],"reputable":[134],"manufacturers":[135],"who":[136],"incur":[137],"control":[138],"costs":[139],"complete":[141],"domestic":[143],"would":[145],"markets":[146],"against":[147],"scrupulous":[149],"companies;":[150],"prolonged":[151],"widespread":[152],"use":[153],"discredited,":[155],"extremely":[156],"technologies,":[158],"arising":[159],"continuing":[162],"\"subsidy\"":[163],"certain":[165],"exposed":[171],"uncontrolled,":[173],"well-recognized,":[174],"hazards;":[177],"aggravated":[179],"relations":[181],"resulting":[182],"nations'":[185],"awareness":[186],"concern":[188],"over":[189],"becoming":[190],"dumping":[191],"grounds":[192],"nations.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}