{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2080717136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1958.3.2.0192","title":"Effects of an Arctic Environment on the Origin and Development of Freshwater Lakes1","display_name":"Effects of an Arctic Environment on the Origin and Development of Freshwater Lakes1","publication_year":1958,"publication_date":"1958-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2080717136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1958.3.2.0192","mag":"2080717136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4319/lo.1958.3.2.0192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1958.3.2.0192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1958.3.2.0192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207705515","display_name":"Limnology and Oceanography","issn_l":"0024-3590","issn":["0024-3590","1939-5590","1939-5604"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Limnology and Oceanography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111406570","display_name":"D. A. Livingstone","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. A. LIVINGSTONE","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zoology Department, Duke University, Durham, N. C"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zoology Department, Duke University, Durham, N. C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104058518","display_name":"Kirk Bryan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"KIRK BRYAN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Meteorology, Lindhagsgatan 124, Stockholm"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Meteorology, Lindhagsgatan 124, Stockholm","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078706105","display_name":"Richard Leahy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66958751","display_name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","ror":"https://ror.org/03zbnzt98","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66958751"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. G. LEAHY","raw_affiliation_strings":["Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66958751"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3530,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3530},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7438,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":97,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85693431,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"192","last_page":"214"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.42089998722076416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.42089998722076416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12180","display_name":"Polar Research and Ecology","score":0.3596000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10236","display_name":"Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics","score":0.0820000022649765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermokarst-lakes","display_name":"thermokarst lakes","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glacial-lakes","display_name":"glacial lakes","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic-lakes","display_name":"Arctic lakes","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lake-origin","display_name":"lake origin","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lake-development","display_name":"lake development","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lake-freezing","display_name":"lake freezing","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lake-heat-budget","display_name":"lake heat budget","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dissolved-solids","display_name":"dissolved solids","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-bicarbonate-water","display_name":"calcium bicarbonate water","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lake-sediments","display_name":"lake sediments","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benthic-organisms","display_name":"benthic organisms","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollen-chronology","display_name":"pollen chronology","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lake-productivity","display_name":"lake productivity","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-dissipation","display_name":"energy dissipation","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-alaska","display_name":"northern Alaska","score":0.7080000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15739521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q602963","display_name":"Glacial period","level":2,"score":0.5898589491844177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.5689713358879089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518008717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"Arctic","level":2,"score":0.5543389916419983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5446561574935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15098985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179918","display_name":"Permafrost","level":2,"score":0.48954424262046814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100134115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173412","display_name":"Radiocarbon dating","level":2,"score":0.44154390692710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.4326527416706085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100834320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35666","display_name":"Glacier","level":2,"score":0.4276665449142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48743137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783121","display_name":"Organic matter","level":2,"score":0.4213741719722748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188291805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1979625","display_name":"Last Glacial Maximum","level":3,"score":0.41291919350624084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35066162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4914843","display_name":"Biogenic silica","level":3,"score":0.4102594256401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2816523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180184","display_name":"Sediment","level":2,"score":0.39302733540534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3406621217727661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.28428640961647034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.20964094996452332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15674525499343872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4319/lo.1958.3.2.0192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1958.3.2.0192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1958.3.2.0192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207705515","display_name":"Limnology and Oceanography","issn_l":"0024-3590","issn":["0024-3590","1939-5590","1939-5604"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Limnology and Oceanography","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.5351999998092651,"display_name":"Climate action"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.53329998254776,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597613975","https://openalex.org/W144710565","https://openalex.org/W784687726","https://openalex.org/W813697192","https://openalex.org/W4391999032","https://openalex.org/W7005369907","https://openalex.org/W2910244539","https://openalex.org/W2797400272","https://openalex.org/W3026605867","https://openalex.org/W2249320585"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Thaw":[0],"lakes":[1,27,43,168,273],"beyond":[2],"the":[3,29,35,40,64,91,123,138,144,170,173,217,224,232,247,253,262],"glacial":[4],"boundary":[5],"in":[6,34,52,61,246],"northern":[7],"Alaska":[8],"may":[9,18],"be":[10,19],"quiescent,":[11],"with":[12,22,182],"elliptical":[13],"saucer\u2010shaped":[14],"basins,":[15],"or":[16,116,239],"they":[17],"actively":[20],"expanding,":[21],"deeply":[23],"pocked":[24],"basins.":[25],"Glacial":[26],"of":[28,39,48,68,94,120,126,137,147,167,172,176,204,212,226,231],"usual":[30],"types":[31],"are":[32,81,141,179],"found":[33,142],"glaciated":[36],"southern":[37],"part":[38],"region.":[41],"The":[42,105,165,267],"freeze":[44],"to":[45,58,83,87,133,271],"a":[46,95,159,190,195,237],"depth":[47],"almost":[49],"2":[50,202],"meters":[51],"winter":[53],"and":[54,90,122,184,207,209,256,265,281],"warm":[55],"without":[56],"stratifying":[57],"about":[59,242],"13\u00b0C":[60],"summer.":[62],"Of":[63],"annual":[65],"heat":[66],"budget":[67],"some":[69],"28,000":[70],"cal/cm2":[71],"only":[72,157],"6,000":[73,219],"cal":[74],"is":[75,93,103,108,114,155,244,250,258],"wind":[76],"distributed.":[77],"Total":[78],"dissolved":[79],"solids":[80],"known":[82,156],"range":[84],"from":[85,129],"35":[86],"159":[88],"ppm,":[89],"water":[92],"calcium":[96],"bicarbonate":[97],"type":[98],"except":[99],"where":[100],"sea\u2010spray":[101],"influence":[102,272],"strong.":[104],"silica":[106],"content":[107],"very":[109,180],"low.":[110],"A":[111],"shore":[112],"community":[113,197],"poorly\u2010developed":[115],"absent,":[117],"apparently":[118],"because":[119],"ice\u2010push,":[121],"standing":[124],"crop":[125],"benthos":[127],"varies":[128],"an":[130],"indetectable":[131],"amount":[132],"89.4":[134],"kg/ha.":[135],"Remains":[136],"midge":[139],"Dryadotanytarsus":[140],"throughout":[143],"sedimentary":[145],"column":[146],"one":[148],"lake,":[149],"indicating":[150],"that":[151,230],"this":[152],"genus,":[153],"which":[154],"as":[158],"late\u2010Pleistocene":[160],"fossil,":[161],"lives":[162],"there":[163],"today.":[164],"sediments":[166],"receiving":[169],"products":[171],"widespread":[174],"processes":[175,277],"arctic":[177,240,268],"weathering":[178],"inorganic,":[181],"few":[183],"poorly\u2010preserved":[185],"microfossils.":[186],"Computations":[187],"based":[188],"on":[189],"radiocarbon\u2010dated":[191],"pollen":[192],"chronology":[193],"suggest":[194,229],"net":[196],"productivity":[198],"averaging":[199],"less":[200,213],"than":[201,214],"mg":[203],"organic":[205],"matter/cm2/yr,":[206],"Bosmina":[208],"tendipedid":[210],"productivities":[211],"10/cm2/yr":[215],"during":[216],"past":[218],"years.":[220],"Further":[221],"computations":[222],"involving":[223],"data":[225],"other":[227,263],"authors":[228],"solar":[233],"energy":[234],"fixed":[235],"by":[236,252,260],"temperate":[238],"lake":[241],"one\u2010quarter":[243,257],"preserved":[245],"sediments,":[248],"one\u2010half":[249],"dissipated":[251,259],"decomposing":[254],"organisms":[255],"all":[261],"plants":[264],"animals.":[266],"environment":[269],"appears":[270],"principally":[274],"through":[275],"physiographic":[276],"affecting":[278],"origin,":[279],"sedimentation,":[280],"drainage.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
