{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2080550513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.66.2.471","title":"Differences in Cohesion between High School and College Football Teams and Starters and Nonstarters","display_name":"Differences in Cohesion between High School and College Football Teams and Starters and Nonstarters","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2080550513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.66.2.471","mag":"2080550513"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2466/pms.1988.66.2.471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.66.2.471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.66.2.471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110965136","display_name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","issn_l":"0031-5125","issn":["0031-5125","1558-688X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030358785","display_name":"Vincent J. Granito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5956-3172","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5956-3172"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183716014","display_name":"John Carroll University","ror":"https://ror.org/001gmya32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183716014"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent J. Granito","raw_affiliation_strings":["John Carroll University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"John Carroll University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183716014"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028364201","display_name":"David W. Rainey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183716014","display_name":"John Carroll University","ror":"https://ror.org/001gmya32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183716014"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David W. Rainey","raw_affiliation_strings":["John Carroll University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"John Carroll University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183716014"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183716014"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.632,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66019818,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"2","first_page":"471","last_page":"477"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.9375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.9375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10970","display_name":"Team Dynamics and Performance","score":0.02930000051856041,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11400","display_name":"Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports","score":0.018200000748038292,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/team-cohesion","display_name":"team cohesion","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/football","display_name":"football","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-school-athletes","display_name":"high school athletes","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-athletes","display_name":"college athletes","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-environment-questionnaire","display_name":"Group Environment Questionnaire","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-integration","display_name":"group integration","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/team-characteristics","display_name":"team characteristics","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/player-characteristics","display_name":"player characteristics","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ncaa-division-iii","display_name":"NCAA Division III","score":0.5960000157356262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778444522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1081491","display_name":"Football","level":2,"score":0.7123560905456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104054115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216828","display_name":"Cohesion (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.7095221281051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14641543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553270","display_name":"Group cohesiveness","level":2,"score":0.6839472651481628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6831102967262268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993400877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28083137","display_name":"Football team","level":3,"score":0.5245423913002014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017797855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937857","display_name":"Football players","level":3,"score":0.43275362253189087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.41207677125930786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2868102192878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2466/pms.1988.66.2.471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.66.2.471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.66.2.471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110965136","display_name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","issn_l":"0031-5125","issn":["0031-5125","1558-688X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1568092861","https://openalex.org/W1568444078","https://openalex.org/W1994403317","https://openalex.org/W2007781317","https://openalex.org/W2016039956","https://openalex.org/W2072069668","https://openalex.org/W2112498674","https://openalex.org/W2117597791","https://openalex.org/W2133840116","https://openalex.org/W2135531659","https://openalex.org/W2158597610","https://openalex.org/W2484624492","https://openalex.org/W2498256696","https://openalex.org/W2552832151"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3009203024","https://openalex.org/W2137663449","https://openalex.org/W350014098","https://openalex.org/W2373837885","https://openalex.org/W2744355327","https://openalex.org/W2226987024","https://openalex.org/W3104836900","https://openalex.org/W7046176268","https://openalex.org/W4312413518","https://openalex.org/W3102669631"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Group":[1,96],"Environment":[2],"Questionnaire":[3],"was":[4,41],"administered":[5],"at":[6],"the":[7,10,61,66,90,114],"end":[8],"of":[9,78,138],"season":[11],"to":[12,93],"44":[13],"football":[14],"players":[15,22,30],"from":[16,23,31,65],"a":[17,24,32],"large":[18],"high":[19,26,53,108],"school,":[20,27],"25":[21],"medium-sized":[25],"and":[28,51,84,95,107,124,133],"52":[29],"National":[33],"Collegiate":[34],"Athletic":[35],"Association":[36],"Division":[37],"III":[38],"university.":[39],"It":[40],"hypothesized":[42],"that":[43,52,130],"starters":[44],"would":[45,56],"be":[46,57],"more":[47,58],"cohesive":[48,59],"than":[49,60,102,113],"nonstarters":[50,103],"school":[54,109],"teams":[55,110],"university":[62,115],"team.":[63],"Scores":[64],"four":[67],"sub-scales":[68],"were":[69,87],"analyzed":[70],"with":[71],"two-way":[72],"(High":[73],"School/University":[74],"X":[75],"Starter/Nonstarter)":[76],"analysis":[77],"variance.":[79],"Main":[80],"effects":[81],"for":[82,85,89],"Team":[83],"Starter/Nonstarter":[86],"significant":[88],"Individual":[91],"Attraction":[92],"Group-Task":[94],"Integration-Task":[97],"scales.":[98,119],"Starters":[99],"scored":[100,111],"higher":[101,112],"on":[104,117],"both":[105,118],"scales,":[106],"team":[116,139],"Results":[120],"support":[121],"Widmeyer,":[122],"Brawley,":[123],"Carron's":[125],"1985":[126],"model,":[127],"which":[128],"specifies":[129],"teams'":[131],"characteristics":[132,135],"players'":[134],"are":[136],"antecedents":[137],"cohesion.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}