{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2080355993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/165.4.781","title":"Detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Proviral DNA Sequences in Needles of Injecting Drug Users","display_name":"Detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Proviral DNA Sequences in Needles of Injecting Drug Users","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2080355993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/165.4.781","mag":"2080355993","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1552214"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/infdis/165.4.781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/165.4.781","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/165.4.781","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54542293","display_name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"0022-1899","issn":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009841923","display_name":"Robert Heimer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0589-6697","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0589-6697"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. Heimer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Operations Research, School of Organization and Management, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Operations Research, School of Organization and Management, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031280274","display_name":"Samuel S. Myers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5808-2454","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5808-2454"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. S. Myers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Operations Research, School of Organization and Management, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Operations Research, School of Organization and Management, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109202713","display_name":"Edwin C. Cadman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. C. Cadman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Operations Research, School of Organization and Management, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Operations Research, School of Organization and Management, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033090309","display_name":"Edward H. Kaplan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8722-7667","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8722-7667"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. H. Kaplan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Operations Research, School of Organization and Management, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Operations Research, School of Organization and Management, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009841923"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"apc_list":{"value":4763,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4763},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.121,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93879677,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"165","issue":"4","first_page":"781","last_page":"782"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.8285999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.8285999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.07930000126361847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.06120000034570694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-1","display_name":"HIV-1","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proviral-dna","display_name":"proviral DNA","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/people-who-inject-drugs","display_name":"people who inject drugs","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/needle-sharing","display_name":"needle sharing","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-seroprevalence","display_name":"HIV seroprevalence","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-transmission","display_name":"HIV transmission","score":0.4339999854564667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.8188918828964233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49105822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176996","display_name":"Polymerase chain reaction","level":3,"score":0.8048408031463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552990157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"DNA","level":2,"score":0.6113407015800476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.5430585145950317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.5104626417160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.4476836025714874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.442798376083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.1787475049495697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.15208253264427185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.06114816665649414}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004279","descriptor_name":"DNA, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004279","descriptor_name":"DNA, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004279","descriptor_name":"DNA, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009339","descriptor_name":"Needles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009339","descriptor_name":"Needles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009339","descriptor_name":"Needles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011533","descriptor_name":"Proviruses","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011533","descriptor_name":"Proviruses","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011533","descriptor_name":"Proviruses","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015819","descriptor_name":"Substance Abuse, Intravenous","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015819","descriptor_name":"Substance Abuse, Intravenous","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015819","descriptor_name":"Substance Abuse, Intravenous","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016133","descriptor_name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016133","descriptor_name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016133","descriptor_name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/infdis/165.4.781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/165.4.781","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/165.4.781","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54542293","display_name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"0022-1899","issn":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1552214","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1552214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of infectious diseases","raw_type":"Letter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9476000070571899}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5099999904632568}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2411792882","https://openalex.org/W2418471382","https://openalex.org/W3183941204","https://openalex.org/W2188129692","https://openalex.org/W7095737299","https://openalex.org/W7014377955","https://openalex.org/W2523660782","https://openalex.org/W7010351818","https://openalex.org/W2464143839","https://openalex.org/W7042622808"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robert":[0],"Heimer,":[1],"Samuel":[2],"S.":[3],"Myers,":[4],"Edwin":[5],"C.":[6],"Cadman,":[7],"Edward":[8],"H.":[9],"Kaplan;":[10],"Detection":[11],"by":[12],"Polymerase":[13],"Chain":[14],"Reaction":[15],"of":[16],"Human":[17],"Immunodeficiency":[18],"Virus":[19],"Type":[20],"1":[21],"Proviral":[22],"DNA":[23],"Se":[24]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
