{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2080098968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055407070396","title":"Efficient Secrecy: Public versus Private Threats in Crisis Diplomacy","display_name":"Efficient Secrecy: Public versus Private Threats in Crisis Diplomacy","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2080098968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055407070396","mag":"2080098968"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0003055407070396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055407070396","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055407070396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S176007004","display_name":"American Political Science Review","issn_l":"0003-0554","issn":["0003-0554","1537-5943"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Political Science Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010677626","display_name":"Shuhei Kurizaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2068-6017","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2068-6017"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"SHUHEI KURIZAKI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010677626"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.7713,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":206,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99034501,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"101","issue":"3","first_page":"543","last_page":"558"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14032","display_name":"History and International Relations","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crisis-diplomacy","display_name":"crisis diplomacy","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"secrecy","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-communication","display_name":"private communication","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audience-costs","display_name":"audience costs","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crisis-bargaining","display_name":"crisis bargaining","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domestic-audiences","display_name":"domestic audiences","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leader-credibility","display_name":"leader credibility","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/war-avoidance","display_name":"war avoidance","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alaska-boundary-dispute","display_name":"Alaska boundary dispute","score":0.7210000157356262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.8498517274856567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.7966205477714539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557252395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1889","display_name":"Diplomacy","level":3,"score":0.7369531989097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198104137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974688","display_name":"Communication source","level":2,"score":0.552202045917511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5497848391532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5134493112564087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992236994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15820293","display_name":"International conflict","level":3,"score":0.5033268332481384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779714988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758100","display_name":"Public diplomacy","level":4,"score":0.46026021242141724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4192993640899658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.37997162342071533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3530135750770569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3396451473236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3036212921142578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.19078600406646729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11324521899223328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10342651605606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10118314623832703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0003055407070396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055407070396","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055407070396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S176007004","display_name":"American Political Science Review","issn_l":"0003-0554","issn":["0003-0554","1537-5943"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Political Science Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cup:apsrev:v:101:y:2007:i:03:p:543-558_07","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055407070396/type/journal_article","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9200000166893005,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W128176902","https://openalex.org/W612548403","https://openalex.org/W1483919859","https://openalex.org/W1516807286","https://openalex.org/W1538925764","https://openalex.org/W1547595019","https://openalex.org/W1566561834","https://openalex.org/W1573921637","https://openalex.org/W1861876464","https://openalex.org/W1965968450","https://openalex.org/W1971194790","https://openalex.org/W1971587214","https://openalex.org/W1978180733","https://openalex.org/W2009497597","https://openalex.org/W2016350927","https://openalex.org/W2017777879","https://openalex.org/W2023609939","https://openalex.org/W2047156377","https://openalex.org/W2056370346","https://openalex.org/W2057642946","https://openalex.org/W2068869385","https://openalex.org/W2072153066","https://openalex.org/W2079360236","https://openalex.org/W2080514242","https://openalex.org/W2087530244","https://openalex.org/W2088445524","https://openalex.org/W2091009045","https://openalex.org/W2091765166","https://openalex.org/W2092308710","https://openalex.org/W2108378466","https://openalex.org/W2115747715","https://openalex.org/W2127631021","https://openalex.org/W2137478289","https://openalex.org/W2140472036","https://openalex.org/W2144867725","https://openalex.org/W2154343393","https://openalex.org/W2155263310","https://openalex.org/W2158185928","https://openalex.org/W2160003140","https://openalex.org/W2165933393","https://openalex.org/W2167237311","https://openalex.org/W2168868410","https://openalex.org/W2169253034","https://openalex.org/W2171933157","https://openalex.org/W2250886915","https://openalex.org/W2312412562","https://openalex.org/W2325153857","https://openalex.org/W2329704855","https://openalex.org/W2592017873","https://openalex.org/W2807632666","https://openalex.org/W2944503219","https://openalex.org/W3010678717","https://openalex.org/W3145576211","https://openalex.org/W4242216304","https://openalex.org/W4246463222"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2901975846","https://openalex.org/W2088864555","https://openalex.org/W2167237311","https://openalex.org/W6885098468","https://openalex.org/W2900597565","https://openalex.org/W2754124453","https://openalex.org/W213377892","https://openalex.org/W7096786897","https://openalex.org/W2035736152","https://openalex.org/W4296045020"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"explores":[2],"when":[3,100],"and":[4,49],"why":[5],"private":[6,64,124],"communication":[7],"works":[8,85],"in":[9,25,86,126],"crisis":[10,42,87],"diplomacy.":[11],"Conventional":[12],"audience-cost":[13],"models":[14],"suggest":[15],"that":[16,62,83],"state":[17],"leaders":[18,29,95],"must":[19],"go":[20],"public":[21,78],"with":[22],"their":[23,32],"threats":[24],"international":[26,127],"crises":[27],"because":[28],"cannot":[30],"tie":[31],"hands":[33],"if":[34],"signals":[35,53],"are":[36],"issued":[37],"privately.":[38],"I":[39],"present":[40],"a":[41,55,63,75,104],"bargaining":[43],"game":[44],"where":[45],"both":[46],"the":[47,50,120],"sender":[48],"receiver":[51],"of":[52,67,113,123],"have":[54],"domestic":[56,97],"audience.":[57],"The":[58,80,111,129],"equilibrium":[59],"analysis":[60,81],"demonstrates":[61],"threat,":[65],"albeit":[66],"limited":[68],"credibility,":[69],"can":[70],"be":[71],"equally":[72],"compelling":[73],"as":[74],"fully":[76],"credible":[77],"threat.":[79],"suggests":[82],"secrecy":[84,115],"diplomacy":[88,125],"despite":[89],"its":[90],"informational":[91],"inefficacy.":[92],"Secrecy":[93],"insulates":[94],"from":[96],"political":[98],"consequences":[99],"they":[101],"capitulate":[102],"to":[103,106],"challenge":[105],"avoid":[107],"risking":[108],"unwarranted":[109],"war.":[110],"logic":[112],"efficient":[114],"helps":[116],"shed":[117],"light":[118],"on":[119],"unaccounted":[121],"history":[122],"crises.":[128],"Alaska":[130],"Boundary":[131],"Dispute":[132],"illustrates":[133],"this":[134],"logic.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-22T09:42:04.148104","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}