{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2079905708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.830174","title":"Evolution of Cardiopulmonary Bypass","display_name":"Evolution of Cardiopulmonary Bypass","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2079905708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.830174","mag":"2079905708","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19487602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.830174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.830174","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.830174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116251202","display_name":"Circulation","issn_l":"0009-7322","issn":["0009-7322","1524-4539"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Circulation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"editorial","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080136347","display_name":"William S. Stoney","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William S. Stoney","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080136347"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":160,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"119","issue":"21","first_page":"2844","last_page":"2853"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.6029999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.6029999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11055","display_name":"Cardiac and Coronary Surgery Techniques","score":0.22310000658035278,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13735","display_name":"History of Medical Practice","score":0.14880000054836273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiopulmonary-bypass","display_name":"cardiopulmonary bypass","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-cardiopulmonary-bypass","display_name":"history of cardiopulmonary bypass","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-institutes-of-health","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"medical education","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hill-burton-act","display_name":"Hill-Burton Act","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/veterans-affairs-hospitals","display_name":"Veterans Affairs hospitals","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicare-and-medicaid","display_name":"Medicare and Medicaid","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-cardiac-surgery","display_name":"history of cardiac surgery","score":0.3149999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9171134233474731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778881276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552304","display_name":"Cardiopulmonary bypass","level":2,"score":0.8413573503494263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.4459472894668579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.43181535601615906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.35009974241256714}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002170","descriptor_name":"Canada","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002315","descriptor_name":"Cardiopulmonary Bypass","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002315","descriptor_name":"Cardiopulmonary Bypass","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005060","descriptor_name":"Europe","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006344","descriptor_name":"Heart Septal Defects, Atrial","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006344","descriptor_name":"Heart Septal Defects, Atrial","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006348","descriptor_name":"Cardiac Surgical Procedures","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006355","descriptor_name":"Heart-Lung Machine","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011655","descriptor_name":"Pulmonary Embolism","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011655","descriptor_name":"Pulmonary Embolism","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015199","descriptor_name":"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015199","descriptor_name":"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049674","descriptor_name":"History, 21st Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.830174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.830174","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.830174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116251202","display_name":"Circulation","issn_l":"0009-7322","issn":["0009-7322","1524-4539"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Circulation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19487602","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19487602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Circulation","raw_type":"Biography"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.46810001134872437,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9086234","https://openalex.org/W83204837","https://openalex.org/W1566046205","https://openalex.org/W1599533070","https://openalex.org/W1775647966","https://openalex.org/W1970119718","https://openalex.org/W1974967337","https://openalex.org/W1981149986","https://openalex.org/W1981533963","https://openalex.org/W1996359779","https://openalex.org/W2030146601","https://openalex.org/W2048246795","https://openalex.org/W2067732222","https://openalex.org/W2071766766","https://openalex.org/W2075851298","https://openalex.org/W2079098882","https://openalex.org/W2243313972","https://openalex.org/W2316149671","https://openalex.org/W2328011167","https://openalex.org/W2337422052","https://openalex.org/W2401133111","https://openalex.org/W2411584991","https://openalex.org/W2414453696","https://openalex.org/W2416138544","https://openalex.org/W4210706513","https://openalex.org/W4240071637","https://openalex.org/W4254820756","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3099903137","https://openalex.org/W1983680862","https://openalex.org/W4253143811","https://openalex.org/W6997066950","https://openalex.org/W2417418095","https://openalex.org/W2004859278","https://openalex.org/W941740850","https://openalex.org/W2361805258","https://openalex.org/W4232452260","https://openalex.org/W4229865137"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"t":[1],"the":[2,5,9,18,35,39,42,53,58,83,100,106,110,122,166,171,201,237,286,315,335,347,352,374,383,387],"end":[3],"of":[4,11,20,24,49,55,61,68,73,91,103,128,132,251,285,304,321,386],"Second":[6],"World":[7],"War,":[8],"devastation":[10],"many":[12],"cities":[13],"in":[14,38,138,151,158,195,220,275,325,345,370],"Europe,":[15],"combined":[16],"with":[17,334],"problems":[19],"reconstruction":[21],"and":[22,65,97,105,112,157,174,230,259,290,328,349,361,366,376],"loss":[23],"financial":[25],"support,":[26],"had":[27,117,184,232],"brought":[28,44],"European":[29,210],"medical":[30,81,95,114,136,223,228,240,337,340,348,358,364],"research":[31,51,96,115,137,231],"to":[32,78,147,153,160,191,212,236,281,299],"a":[33,66,126,208,216,221,272,301,319,342],"halt.On":[34],"other":[36,69,247],"hand,":[37],"United":[40,238],"States":[41],"war":[43,123],"about":[45],"an":[46,332],"enormous":[47],"amount":[48,303],"scientific":[50],"through":[52,99],"development":[54],"nuclear":[56],"weapons,":[57],"mass":[59],"production":[60],"penicillin,":[62],"early":[63],"computers,":[64],"variety":[67],"technological":[70],"advances,":[71],"some":[72],"which":[74,276,379],"were":[75,279],"eventually":[76],"put":[77],"use":[79],"by":[80,245],"investigators.In":[82],"immediate":[84],"postwar":[85],"years,":[86],"Congress":[87,372],"began":[88],"3":[89],"decades":[90],"generous":[92],"funding":[93],"for":[94,135,170,187,207,215,227,255,268,306,357,363],"education":[98,229],"National":[101,130],"Institutes":[102,131],"Health":[104,108,133],"Public":[107],"Service.In":[109],"1920s":[111],"1930s,":[113],"money":[116,296],"been":[118,185],"scarce,":[119],"but":[120],"after":[121],"there":[124],"was":[125,140,145,177,203,242,271,297],"flood":[127],"money.The":[129],"budget":[134,168],"1945":[139],"$180":[141],"000.By":[142],"1947,":[143],"it":[144,183],"increased":[146],"$4":[148],"000":[149,155],"000,":[150,156],"1950":[152],"$46":[154],"1974":[159],"$1":[161],"billion.":[162],"1":[163],"By":[164],"2008,":[165],"total":[167],"just":[169],"Heart,":[172],"Lung,":[173],"Blood":[175],"Institute":[176],"almost":[178],"$3":[179],"billion.Since":[180],"colonial":[181],"times,":[182],"customary":[186],"young":[188,209],"American":[189],"physicians":[190],"spend":[192],"postgraduate":[193],"time":[194],"Vienna,":[196],"Berlin,":[197],"London,":[198],"or":[199,218],"Paris.Now":[200],"opposite":[202],"true.It":[204],"became":[205],"important":[206],"physician":[211],"have":[213],"worked":[214],"year":[217,267],"so":[219],"US":[222],"center.The":[224],"world":[225],"center":[226],"shifted":[233],"from":[234],"Europe":[235],"States.Postwar":[239],"progress":[241],"also":[243],"stimulated":[244],"several":[246],"programs.The":[248],"Hill-Burton":[249],"act":[250],"1946":[252],"provided":[253,263,355],"funds":[254],"community":[256],"hospital":[257,292,384],"upgrades":[258],"construction.Initially":[260],"this":[261,312],"bill":[262],"$75":[264],"million":[265],"per":[266],"5":[269],"years.It":[270],"matching":[273],"plan":[274],"local":[277],"hospitals":[278,324],"required":[280,298],"raise":[282],"two":[283],"thirds":[284],"new":[287,323],"construction":[288],"costs,":[289],"each":[291],"that":[293],"received":[294],"federal":[295],"provide":[300],"reasonable":[302],"care":[305],"those":[307],"who":[308],"could":[309],"not":[310,381],"pay.During":[311],"same":[313],"period,":[314],"Veterans":[316,353],"Administration":[317],"adopted":[318],"policy":[320],"building":[322],"urban":[326],"settings":[327],"wherever":[329],"possible":[330],"developed":[331],"affiliation":[333],"nearest":[336],"school.This":[338],"gave":[339],"schools":[341],"major":[343],"voice":[344],"selecting":[346],"surgical":[350],"staff.Thus,":[351],"Hospitals":[354],"positions":[356],"school":[359],"faculty":[360],"patients":[362],"student":[365],"house":[367],"staff":[368],"education.Finally,":[369],"1965":[371],"passed":[373],"Medicare":[375],"Medicaid":[377],"bill,":[378],"paid":[380],"only":[382],"costs":[385],"elderly":[388]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
