{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2079879605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3350105","title":"From Prohibition to Regulation: Lessons from Alcohol Policy for Drug Policy","display_name":"From Prohibition to Regulation: Lessons from Alcohol Policy for Drug Policy","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2079879605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3350105","mag":"2079879605","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11608045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/3350105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3350105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3350105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1650206","display_name":"Milbank Quarterly","issn_l":"0887-378X","issn":["0887-378X","1468-0009"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Milbank Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109349573","display_name":"Harry G. Levine","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111455621","display_name":"Queens College, CUNY","ror":"https://ror.org/03v8adn41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111455621"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harry G. Levine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing 11367"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing 11367","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111455621"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007377134","display_name":"Craig Reinarman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig Reinarman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4430,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4430},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":31.5822,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":100,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99376141,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"3","first_page":"461","last_page":"461"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.6693999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.6693999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.11249999701976776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.11159999668598175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-policy","display_name":"drug policy","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alcohol-prohibition","display_name":"alcohol prohibition","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alcohol-regulation","display_name":"alcohol regulation","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-prohibition","display_name":"drug prohibition","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/war-on-drugs","display_name":"war on drugs","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminalization","display_name":"criminalization","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illicit-drug-markets","display_name":"illicit drug markets","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-policy-reform","display_name":"drug policy reform","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-policy-history","display_name":"comparative policy history","score":0.4580000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780808987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4590027","display_name":"Repeal","level":2,"score":0.8867901563644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47344431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519812","display_name":"Health policy","level":3,"score":0.5032240748405457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4646989703178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.4586678743362427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.4514164924621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019635848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154","display_name":"Alcohol consumption","level":3,"score":0.43138301372528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105639569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577","display_name":"Economic policy","level":1,"score":0.41675862669944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.41531237959861755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.37348857522010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3665899634361267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.35852718353271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27825069427490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781066024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156","display_name":"Alcohol","level":2,"score":0.2531687021255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2053704559803009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.17599621415138245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.11968839168548584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0831906795501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000428","descriptor_name":"Alcohol Drinking","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000428","descriptor_name":"Alcohol Drinking","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000438","descriptor_name":"Alcohols","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003416","descriptor_name":"Criminal Law","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004335","descriptor_name":"Drug and Narcotic Control","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007885","descriptor_name":"Legislation, Pharmacy","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011634","descriptor_name":"Public Health","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011640","descriptor_name":"Public Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049711","descriptor_name":"History, Modern 1601-","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/3350105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3350105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3350105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1650206","display_name":"Milbank Quarterly","issn_l":"0887-378X","issn":["0887-378X","1468-0009"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Milbank Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11608045","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11608045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Milbank quarterly","raw_type":"Historical Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.833299994468689,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W188128267","https://openalex.org/W603343375","https://openalex.org/W603591378","https://openalex.org/W622780521","https://openalex.org/W634413323","https://openalex.org/W636710255","https://openalex.org/W644620733","https://openalex.org/W1485056102","https://openalex.org/W1489248671","https://openalex.org/W1535200139","https://openalex.org/W1552369713","https://openalex.org/W1570758348","https://openalex.org/W1591487663","https://openalex.org/W1964676977","https://openalex.org/W1972573992","https://openalex.org/W1974044014","https://openalex.org/W1983430518","https://openalex.org/W1999070166","https://openalex.org/W2005676340","https://openalex.org/W2011200960","https://openalex.org/W2013141007","https://openalex.org/W2020473098","https://openalex.org/W2028014775","https://openalex.org/W2031464181","https://openalex.org/W2034794750","https://openalex.org/W2044009628","https://openalex.org/W2049153727","https://openalex.org/W2054867754","https://openalex.org/W2067578109","https://openalex.org/W2075355476","https://openalex.org/W2079367564","https://openalex.org/W2087988372","https://openalex.org/W2090227893","https://openalex.org/W2094268446","https://openalex.org/W2116354125","https://openalex.org/W2140501878","https://openalex.org/W2321322001","https://openalex.org/W2327097449","https://openalex.org/W2612940895","https://openalex.org/W2972770531","https://openalex.org/W2991874710","https://openalex.org/W3000133406","https://openalex.org/W3122117837","https://openalex.org/W3149676051"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3017223191","https://openalex.org/W2172256285","https://openalex.org/W129926372","https://openalex.org/W3123344831","https://openalex.org/W4312894888","https://openalex.org/W2047119281","https://openalex.org/W2619192028","https://openalex.org/W1680235237","https://openalex.org/W1671365431","https://openalex.org/W1488570058"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Like":[0],"current":[1],"drug":[2,44],"prohibition,":[3],"alcohol":[4,15],"prohibition":[5],"in":[6,43],"the":[7,25,53,57,62],"1920s":[8],"produced":[9],"a":[10,69],"large":[11],"criminalized":[12],"industry.":[13],"Post-repeal":[14],"regulation,":[16],"which":[17],"tended":[18],"to":[19],"limit":[20],"overall":[21],"consumption,":[22],"suggests":[23],"that":[24],"legal":[26],"regulated":[27],"sale":[28],"of":[29,61],"currently":[30],"illicit":[31],"substances":[32],"is":[33],"technically":[34],"practical":[35],"and":[36,59],"reasonable.":[37],"However,":[38],"no":[39],"such":[40],"radical":[41],"change":[42],"policy":[45],"will":[46],"be":[47],"politically":[48],"feasible":[49],"until":[50],"well":[51],"into":[52],"twenty-first":[54],"century.":[55],"Nevertheless,":[56],"failures":[58],"costs":[60],"War":[63],"on":[64],"Drugs":[65],"make":[66],"moderate":[67],"reform":[68],"more":[70],"promising":[71],"prospect.":[72]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}