{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2079339359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j126v03n01_06","title":"An Exploratory Study of Inhalers and Injectors who Used Black Tar Heroin","display_name":"An Exploratory Study of Inhalers and Injectors who Used Black Tar Heroin","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2079339359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j126v03n01_06","mag":"2079339359","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21552428","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3088121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1300/j126v03n01_06","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j126v03n01_06","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j126v03n01_06","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192062","display_name":"Journal of Maintenance in the Addictions","issn_l":"1091-1332","issn":["1091-1332","1540-7624"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Maintenance in the Addictions","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3088121","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110094442","display_name":"Jane Carlisle Maxwell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320320070","display_name":"United States Food and Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/034xvzb47","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327069482","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I1327069482"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333606569","display_name":"Center for Drug Evaluation and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00yf3tm42","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070","https://openalex.org/I1333606569"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jane Carlisle Maxwell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Social Work Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1717 West 6th Street, Suite 335, Austin, TX 78703 ( jcmaxwell@mail.utexas.edu )","Center for Social Work Research , University of Texas at Austin , 1717 West 6th Street, Suite 335, Austin, TX, 78703, USA","The Center for Excellence in Drug Epidemiology of the Gulf Coast Addiction Technology Research Center , USA","The Drug Advisory Committee of the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , The National Institute on Drug Abuse's Community Epidemiology Work Group , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Social Work Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1717 West 6th Street, Suite 335, Austin, TX 78703 ( jcmaxwell@mail.utexas.edu )","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Social Work Research , University of Texas at Austin , 1717 West 6th Street, Suite 335, Austin, TX, 78703, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Center for Excellence in Drug Epidemiology of the Gulf Coast Addiction Technology Research Center , USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Drug Advisory Committee of the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , The National Institute on Drug Abuse's Community Epidemiology Work Group , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320320070","https://openalex.org/I1327069482","https://openalex.org/I1333606569"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Richard T. Spence","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327069482","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I1327069482"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121815","display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","ror":"https://ror.org/02jzrsm59","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210121815"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard T. Spence","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Social Work Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1717 West 6th Street, Suite 335, Austin, TX, 78703, USA ; Addiction Research Institute and the Gulf Coast Addiction Technology Transfer Center located, The University of Texas, USA ; The National Institute on Drug Abuse, USA ; The National Institute on Drug Abuse, The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, USA ; Research and Technology Transfer at the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse, USA","Addiction Research Institute and the Gulf Coast Addiction Technology Transfer Center located , The University of Texas , USA","Center for Social Work Research , University of Texas at Austin , 1717 West 6th Street, Suite 335, Austin, TX, 78703, USA","Research and Technology Transfer at the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse , USA","The National Institute on Drug Abuse , The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism , USA","The National Institute on Drug Abuse , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Social Work Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1717 West 6th Street, Suite 335, Austin, TX, 78703, USA ; Addiction Research Institute and the Gulf Coast Addiction Technology Transfer Center located, The University of Texas, USA ; The National Institute on Drug Abuse, USA ; The National Institute on Drug Abuse, The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, USA ; Research and Technology Transfer at the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Addiction Research Institute and the Gulf Coast Addiction Technology Transfer Center located , The University of Texas , USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Social Work Research , University of Texas at Austin , 1717 West 6th Street, Suite 335, Austin, TX, 78703, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Technology Transfer at the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse , USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The National Institute on Drug Abuse , The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327069482","https://openalex.org/I4210121815"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The National Institute on Drug Abuse , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327069482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3494,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69391618,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":"61","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":0.7573000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":0.7573000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.11959999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.1128000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-tar-heroin","display_name":"black tar heroin","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heroin-inhalation","display_name":"heroin inhalation","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heroin-injection","display_name":"heroin injection","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/route-of-administration","display_name":"route of administration","score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methadone-maintenance-treatment","display_name":"methadone maintenance treatment","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/addiction-treatment","display_name":"addiction treatment","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trauma-history","display_name":"trauma history","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-sexual-abuse","display_name":"child sexual abuse","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-disorders","display_name":"mental illness","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-c","display_name":"hepatitis C","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv","display_name":"HIV","score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison-history","display_name":"prison history","score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-differences","display_name":"racial and ethnic differences","score":0.6290000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778903686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60168","display_name":"Heroin","level":3,"score":0.7968327403068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6126170754432678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.5442590117454529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.5191413760185242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775849661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940","display_name":"Narcotic","level":2,"score":0.47535058856010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778767360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179996","display_name":"Methadone","level":2,"score":0.472829669713974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778082588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101896","display_name":"Gonorrhea","level":3,"score":0.41175544261932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.28004515171051025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.17913886904716492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.11791163682937622}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1300/j126v03n01_06","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j126v03n01_06","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j126v03n01_06","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192062","display_name":"Journal of Maintenance in the Addictions","issn_l":"1091-1332","issn":["1091-1332","1540-7624"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Maintenance in the Addictions","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21552428","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21552428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of maintenance in the addictions","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2099005","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3088121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3088121","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3088121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Maint Addict","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2099005","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3088121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7048342010","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R21 DA014744","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8301864137","display_name":"A Study of Heroin Inhalers","funder_award_id":"5r21da014744-03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W204915048","https://openalex.org/W1966901279","https://openalex.org/W1976034615","https://openalex.org/W1985039352","https://openalex.org/W1986160022","https://openalex.org/W1990031754","https://openalex.org/W1995916748","https://openalex.org/W1995924422","https://openalex.org/W1996107327","https://openalex.org/W1996373015","https://openalex.org/W1998959849","https://openalex.org/W2008629459","https://openalex.org/W2018230097","https://openalex.org/W2024374498","https://openalex.org/W2031363730","https://openalex.org/W2059299715","https://openalex.org/W2060497915","https://openalex.org/W2075038536","https://openalex.org/W2075690267","https://openalex.org/W2076659970","https://openalex.org/W2092737306","https://openalex.org/W2102179594","https://openalex.org/W2108729537","https://openalex.org/W2112981708","https://openalex.org/W2134942692"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134942692","https://openalex.org/W2062315595","https://openalex.org/W1971977349","https://openalex.org/W2036771406","https://openalex.org/W2992772742","https://openalex.org/W2062222851","https://openalex.org/W2160566276","https://openalex.org/W2345553995","https://openalex.org/W2040662501","https://openalex.org/W2127552926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"AIMS:":[0],"To":[1],"undertake":[2],"an":[3],"exploratory":[4],"study":[5],"to":[6,31,42,59,88,98,102,107,113,130,135,139,151,179,214,244],"examine":[7],"the":[8,122,206,235,239,248],"characteristics":[9],"of":[10,20,55,68,117,121,190,197,228,254],"patients":[11,70],"in":[12,46,71,75,79,173],"narcotic":[13],"treatment":[14,164,168,251],"programs":[15,74],"who":[16,36,91,126],"started":[17,37],"their":[18,105,148],"use":[19],"black":[21],"tar":[22],"heroin":[23,56,93],"either":[24],"as":[25,28,38,199,210,212,219,222],"inhalers":[26,39,94],"or":[27,184,221],"injectors":[29],"and":[30,112,138,150,170,175,192,195,201,230,256,265],"compare":[32],"them":[33],"with":[34,104,147],"those":[35,90],"but":[40],"shifted":[41,127],"injecting.":[43],"Other":[44],"studies":[45],"this":[47,163],"area":[48],"have":[49,108,140,152,180,215],"used":[50],"subjects":[51],"using":[52,81],"other":[53],"forms":[54],"more":[57,96,133,167,171,177],"amenable":[58],"inhaling.":[60],"PARTICIPANTS,":[61],"DESIGN,":[62],"AND":[63],"MEASUREMENT:":[64],"A":[65],"purposive":[66],"sample":[67],"199":[69],"6":[72],"methadone":[73],"Texas":[76],"were":[77,92,95,132,160,176,187,209],"interviewed":[78,237],"2002-2003":[80],"a":[82],"structured":[83],"instrument.":[84],"FINDINGS:":[85],"At":[86],"admission":[87],"treatment,":[89],"likely":[97,134,178,211],"be":[99,136,245,260],"African":[100],"American,":[101],"live":[103],"families,":[106],"income":[109],"from":[110,128],"wages,":[111],"report":[114],"fewer":[115],"days":[116],"problems":[118,144,194,232],"on":[119],"most":[120],"ASI":[123],"measures.":[124],"Those":[125],"inhaling":[129],"injecting":[131],"Hispanic":[137],"had":[141,153,166],"mental":[142,193,229],"health":[143],"that":[145],"interfered":[146],"lives":[149],"less":[154],"nurturing":[155],"while":[156],"growing":[157],"up.":[158],"Injectors":[159],"older":[161],"at":[162],"admission,":[165],"episodes":[169],"times":[172],"jail,":[174],"hepatitis":[181],"C,":[182],"AIDS,":[183],"gonorrhea.":[185],"There":[186],"high":[188,226],"levels":[189],"physical":[191,231],"histories":[196],"traumatization":[198],"children":[200,220],"adults":[202],"for":[203,241,262],"almost":[204],"all":[205,234],"respondents.":[207],"Males":[208],"females":[213],"been":[216],"sexually":[217],"abused":[218],"adults.":[223],"CONCLUSIONS:":[224],"The":[225],"rates":[227],"among":[233],"clients":[236],"showed":[238],"need":[240],"comprehensive":[242],"services":[243],"delivered":[246],"within":[247],"substance":[249],"abuse":[250,258],"programs.":[252],"Histories":[253],"trauma":[255],"sexual":[257],"should":[259],"addressed":[261],"both":[263],"male":[264],"female":[266],"clients.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}