{"id":"https://openalex.org/W207931931","doi":null,"title":"The Anthropogenic Origin and Persistence of Amazonian Dark Earths","display_name":"The Anthropogenic Origin and Persistence of Amazonian Dark Earths","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W207931931","mag":"207931931"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:207931931","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25765871","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112291943","display_name":"William I. Woods","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William I. Woods","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082488589","display_name":"Joseph M. McCann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph M. McCann","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047325236","display_name":"Americanist Geographers","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Americanist Geographers","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":128.5453,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":130,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99940276,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13302","display_name":"Amazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13302","display_name":"Amazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13102","display_name":"Soil and Environmental Studies","score":0.013500000350177288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10087","display_name":"Archaeology and ancient environmental studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3302","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dark-earths","display_name":"dark earths","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropogenic-soil-formation","display_name":"anthropogenic soil formation","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amazonian-soils","display_name":"Amazonian soils","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-fertility","display_name":"soil fertility","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-management","display_name":"soil management","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-soils","display_name":"agricultural soils","score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volcanic-ash-deposition","display_name":"volcanic ash deposition","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-matter","display_name":"organic matter","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-persistence","display_name":"soil persistence","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pre-european-settlement","display_name":"pre-European settlement","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/native-americans","display_name":"Native Americans","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/santarem","display_name":"Santar\u00e9m","score":0.5210000276565552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.5181868672370911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535291247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177567","display_name":"Amazon rainforest","level":2,"score":0.4753529727458954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4711571931838989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1965285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008","display_name":"Earth science","level":1,"score":0.42710384726524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.41067802906036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.39824074506759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.37279707193374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3534918427467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.1557076871395111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.12472289800643921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:207931931","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25765871","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life on land","score":0.7605999708175659,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116428741","https://openalex.org/W1528582327","https://openalex.org/W2002267615","https://openalex.org/W2026549178","https://openalex.org/W2026980479","https://openalex.org/W2051845514","https://openalex.org/W2093030687","https://openalex.org/W2181289764","https://openalex.org/W2323358521","https://openalex.org/W2504858608","https://openalex.org/W2586285632","https://openalex.org/W2610105323","https://openalex.org/W2688672062","https://openalex.org/W2798217400","https://openalex.org/W2913020330"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W638137861","https://openalex.org/W4254205350","https://openalex.org/W2221790175","https://openalex.org/W2198086635","https://openalex.org/W100503595","https://openalex.org/W3126015806","https://openalex.org/W1979701135","https://openalex.org/W3118438993","https://openalex.org/W174149206","https://openalex.org/W4235897843"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Patches":[0],"of":[1,35,67,77,110,162,185,206,240,294,314,318,323,336],"distinctively":[2],"fertile":[3],"and":[4,13,28,32,70,102,112,156,187,253],"dark":[228],"soils":[6,148,235],"containing":[7],"cultural":[8,29,127,288],"artifacts":[9,256],"occur":[10],"throughout":[11],"Amazonia":[12],"have":[14],"been":[15],"used":[16],"to":[17,54,116,139,144,165,200,216,219,225,265,355],"support":[18,45,313],"numerous":[19],"theories":[20],"concerning":[21],"pre":[22],"European":[23],"settlement":[24],"patterns,":[25],"population":[26],"densities":[27],"development.":[30],"Field":[31],"laboratory":[33],"analyses":[34],"these":[36,78,234],"earths":[38,69,284],"from":[39,195,213,237,343],"various":[40],"settings":[41],"near":[42],"Santarem,":[43],"Brazil":[44],"an":[46],"anthropogenic":[47],"origin,":[48],"but":[49],"material":[50,114,155,245],"accretion":[51,293],"appears":[52],"not":[53],"be":[55,117,137],"the":[56,86,159,163,169,255,282,292,309],"key":[57],"factor":[58],"in":[59,95,182,190,193,210,247,286,312],"their":[60,266],"formation.":[61],"Furthermore,":[62],"we":[63,222],"identify":[64],"two":[65],"types":[66],"argue":[71],"that":[72,134,233,254,281],"only":[73],"a":[74,183,198],"small":[75],"proportion":[76],"were":[79,260],"developed":[80,236],"at":[81,168],"long-term":[82],"habitation":[83,297],"sites,":[84],"with":[85,152],"more":[87],"widespread":[88],"type":[89],"produced":[90],"through":[91,291],"soil":[92,188,209,319],"management":[93],"practices":[94],"associated":[96],"agricultural":[97],"zones.":[98],"Heightened":[99],"biotic":[100],"activity":[101],"nutrient":[103],"retaining":[104],"capacity":[105],"brought":[106],"about":[107],"by":[108,149,262],"deposition":[109],"ash":[111,242],"organic":[113,154,244],"appear":[115],"principally":[118],"responsible":[119],"for":[120],"both":[121],"soils'":[122],"remarkable":[123],"persistence":[124],"long":[125,141],"after":[126],"manipulation":[128],"has":[129],"ceased.":[130],"Our":[131],"findings":[132],"suggest":[133],"it":[135,226],"may":[136],"possible":[138],"make":[140],"lasting":[142],"improvements":[143],"notoriously":[145],"infertile":[146],"tropical":[147],"inoculating":[150],"them":[151],"microorganisms,":[153],"ash.":[157],"From":[158],"foot":[160],"slopes":[161],"Andes":[164],"Marajo":[166],"Island":[167],"Atlantic":[170],"Ocean,":[171],"Indian":[172],"black":[208],"earth,":[174],"or":[175,243,250],"terra":[176],"preta":[177],"do":[178],"Indio":[179],"(TP),":[180],"occurs":[181],"variety":[184],"landscape":[186],"contexts,":[189],"patches":[191],"ranging":[192],"size":[194],"less":[196],"than":[197],"hectare":[199],"many":[201],"square":[202],"kilometers.":[203],"The":[204],"color":[205],"this":[207,315],"fact":[211,287],"ranges":[212],"brown":[215],"black,":[217],"so":[218],"avoid":[220],"confusion":[221],"hereafter":[223],"refer":[224],"as":[227],"earth.":[229],"Early":[230],"theorists":[231],"proposed":[232],"ancient":[238],"deposits":[239,289],"volcanic":[241],"accumulated":[246],"former":[248],"lake":[249],"pond":[251],"bottoms,":[252],"now":[257],"present":[258],"there":[259],"left":[261],"Amerindians":[263],"attracted":[264],"higher":[267],"natural":[268],"fertility":[269],"(Cunha":[270],"Franco":[271],"1962;":[272],"Falesi":[273],"1972;":[274],"Gourou":[275],"1949).":[276],"Currently,":[277],"most":[278],"researchers":[279],"believe":[280],"are":[285],"created":[290],"waste":[295],"around":[296],"areas":[298],"(Rodrigues":[299],"1993;":[300],"Smith":[301],"1980;":[302],"Sombroek":[303],"1966;":[304],"Woods":[305],"1995).":[306],"They":[307],"cite":[308],"following":[310],"characteristics":[311],"midden":[316],"model":[317],"formation:":[320],"Yearbook,":[321],"Conference":[322,335],"Latin":[324,337],"Americanist":[325,338],"Geographers,":[326],"1999,":[327,334],"vol.":[328],"25,":[329],"pp.":[330],"7-14":[331],">":[332],"Copyright":[333],"Geographers_":[339],"This":[340],"content":[341],"downloaded":[342],"207.46.13.39":[344],"on":[345],"Sat,":[346],"08":[347],"Oct":[348],"2016":[349],"05:53:19":[350],"UTC":[351],"All":[352],"use":[353],"subject":[354],"http://about.jstor.org/terms":[356],"8":[357],"CONFERENCE":[358],"OF":[359],"LATIN":[360],"AMERICANIST":[361],"GEOGRAPHERS":[362]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
