{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2079110553","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5352.847","title":"Femtosecond Activation of Reactions and the Concept of Nonergodic Molecules","display_name":"Femtosecond Activation of Reactions and the Concept of Nonergodic Molecules","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2079110553","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5352.847","mag":"2079110553","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9452381"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.279.5352.847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5352.847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5352.847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034431427","display_name":"Eric Wei\u2010Guang Diau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6113-5679","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6113-5679","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1731-7957"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric W.-G. Diau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046534298","display_name":"Jennifer L. Herek","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer L. Herek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066311276","display_name":"Zee Hwan Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8870-4333","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8870-4333"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zee Hwan Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077807260","display_name":"Ahmed H. Zewail","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed H. Zewail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046534298"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.7551,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":155,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98356247,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"279","issue":"5352","first_page":"847","last_page":"851"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10566","display_name":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","score":0.850600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10566","display_name":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","score":0.850600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11177","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Studies","score":0.05869999900460243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13253","display_name":"Photolysis and Reactive Intermediates","score":0.042899999767541885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1606","display_name":"Physical and Theoretical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reaction-dynamics","display_name":"reaction dynamics","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vibrational-energy-redistribution","display_name":"vibrational energy redistribution","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-selectivity","display_name":"chemical selectivity","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alkene-oxidation","display_name":"olefin oxidation","score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reaction-rate-enhancement","display_name":"reaction rate enhancement","score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-structure-calculations","display_name":"electronic structure calculations","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reaction-coordinate","display_name":"reaction coordinate","score":0.30799999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167735695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1777507","display_name":"Femtosecond","level":3,"score":0.8559146523475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74080474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7305975","display_name":"Redistribution (election)","level":3,"score":0.6659756898880005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122044880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5498822","display_name":"Ergodic theory","level":2,"score":0.6621569395065308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159467904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702","display_name":"Chemical physics","level":1,"score":0.6359149217605591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32909587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369","display_name":"Molecule","level":2,"score":0.6311139464378357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5794141292572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177801218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36534","display_name":"Chemical reaction","level":2,"score":0.5739240050315857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37798101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7300259","display_name":"Reaction dynamics","level":3,"score":0.5571447014808655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175113610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394849","display_name":"Reaction rate","level":3,"score":0.45737317204475403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95121573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190474","display_name":"Activation energy","level":2,"score":0.4202398657798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993504562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351281","display_name":"Vibrational energy","level":3,"score":0.41523411870002747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147597530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369472","display_name":"Computational chemistry","level":1,"score":0.3881185054779053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.35645389556884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3430992364883423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.3337319791316986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.31670182943344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.23326444625854492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22194477915763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.13181594014167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.10643678903579712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.08344593644142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07445889711380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.279.5352.847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5352.847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5352.847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9452381","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9452381","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:authors.library.caltech.edu:52144","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/52144/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402161","display_name":"CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","host_organization_name":"California Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W269379407","https://openalex.org/W1520662565","https://openalex.org/W1965069710","https://openalex.org/W1966536119","https://openalex.org/W1967907933","https://openalex.org/W1969509349","https://openalex.org/W1982240422","https://openalex.org/W1990512756","https://openalex.org/W1990532010","https://openalex.org/W1996093854","https://openalex.org/W1999539034","https://openalex.org/W2003196874","https://openalex.org/W2003754330","https://openalex.org/W2008480228","https://openalex.org/W2009027449","https://openalex.org/W2014157020","https://openalex.org/W2019021465","https://openalex.org/W2023271753","https://openalex.org/W2033455666","https://openalex.org/W2034174641","https://openalex.org/W2037112627","https://openalex.org/W2039919100","https://openalex.org/W2051130392","https://openalex.org/W2056942938","https://openalex.org/W2060657697","https://openalex.org/W2061708605","https://openalex.org/W2063133760","https://openalex.org/W2063334956","https://openalex.org/W2063984137","https://openalex.org/W2064262385","https://openalex.org/W2067552395","https://openalex.org/W2078086290","https://openalex.org/W2095972323","https://openalex.org/W2100779791","https://openalex.org/W2111937885","https://openalex.org/W2142508992","https://openalex.org/W2143981217","https://openalex.org/W2148284063","https://openalex.org/W2151207571","https://openalex.org/W2175185382","https://openalex.org/W2395708253","https://openalex.org/W2495173600","https://openalex.org/W2798856947","https://openalex.org/W4245375659","https://openalex.org/W6600483826"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996093854","https://openalex.org/W4403052887","https://openalex.org/W2772168158","https://openalex.org/W2088907353","https://openalex.org/W4211200181","https://openalex.org/W3155387377","https://openalex.org/W2067902610","https://openalex.org/W2019021465","https://openalex.org/W148647367","https://openalex.org/W1968208504"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"description":[1],"of":[2,24,34,37,45,74,91,99],"chemical":[3,109],"reaction":[4,52],"dynamics":[5],"often":[6],"assumes":[7],"that":[8,95,108],"vibrational":[9],"modes":[10],"are":[11],"well":[12],"coupled":[13],"(ergodic)":[14],"and":[15,69,82],"redistribute":[16],"energy":[17,101],"rapidly":[18],"with":[19,63,78,114],"respect":[20],"to":[21,88],"the":[22,25,50,75,96],"course":[23],"reaction.":[26],"To":[27],"experimentally":[28],"probe":[29],"nonergodic,":[30],"nonstatistical":[31],"behavior,":[32],"studies":[33],"a":[35,86],"series":[36],"reactions":[38],"induced":[39],"by":[40],"femtosecond":[41,115],"activation":[42,116],"for":[43],"molecules":[44],"varying":[46],"size":[47],"but":[48],"having":[49],"same":[51],"coordinates":[53],"[CH2":[54],"-":[55,57],"(CH2)n-2":[56],"C":[58],"=":[59,65],"Odagger":[60],"-->":[61],"products,":[62],"n":[64],"4,":[66],"5,":[67],"6,":[68],"10]":[70],"were":[71],"performed.":[72],"Comparison":[73],"experimental":[76],"results":[77,106],"theoretical":[79],"electronic":[80],"structure":[81],"rate":[83],"calculations":[84],"showed":[85],"two":[87],"four":[89],"orders":[90],"magnitude":[92],"difference,":[93],"indicating":[94],"basic":[97],"assumption":[98],"statistical":[100],"redistribution":[102],"is":[103],"invalid.":[104],"These":[105],"suggest":[107],"selectivity":[110],"can":[111],"be":[112],"achieved":[113],"even":[117],"at":[118],"very":[119],"high":[120],"energies.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}