{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2078877609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.149.3683.503","title":"Strong Inference and Weak Interactions","display_name":"Strong Inference and Weak Interactions","publication_year":1965,"publication_date":"1965-07-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2078877609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.149.3683.503","mag":"2078877609","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17843186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.149.3683.503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.149.3683.503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.149.3683.503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035543081","display_name":"E. M. Hafner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. M. Hafner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020711605","display_name":"Susan Presswood","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Presswood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2445,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95357717,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"149","issue":"3683","first_page":"503","last_page":"510"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.9667999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.9667999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13558","display_name":"Logic and Philosophy of Science","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strong-interaction","display_name":"strong interaction","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weak-interaction","display_name":"weak interaction","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundamental-interactions","display_name":"fundamental interactions","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gauge-theory","display_name":"gauge theory","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grand-unified-theories","display_name":"grand unified theories","score":0.4090000092983246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.7252178192138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3543322682380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24888256192207336}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.149.3683.503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.149.3683.503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.149.3683.503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:17843186","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17843186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W643894254","https://openalex.org/W1508439018","https://openalex.org/W1965497492","https://openalex.org/W1980178923","https://openalex.org/W1997387941","https://openalex.org/W2009993103","https://openalex.org/W2014781793","https://openalex.org/W2016516115","https://openalex.org/W2021652064","https://openalex.org/W2023766549","https://openalex.org/W2025193886","https://openalex.org/W2034388683","https://openalex.org/W2042332742","https://openalex.org/W2043383672","https://openalex.org/W2047208373","https://openalex.org/W2050674705","https://openalex.org/W2066949102","https://openalex.org/W2067724568","https://openalex.org/W2070198115","https://openalex.org/W2070542320","https://openalex.org/W2072373838","https://openalex.org/W2073331615","https://openalex.org/W2076005152","https://openalex.org/W2077673292","https://openalex.org/W2083871319","https://openalex.org/W2090032558","https://openalex.org/W2091854014","https://openalex.org/W2094325197","https://openalex.org/W2111306697","https://openalex.org/W2157338954","https://openalex.org/W2229720163","https://openalex.org/W2230358304","https://openalex.org/W2258295262","https://openalex.org/W2399874121","https://openalex.org/W2992481160","https://openalex.org/W3025285286","https://openalex.org/W4239745204"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3089527143","https://openalex.org/W4243443493","https://openalex.org/W1971836092","https://openalex.org/W4238674266","https://openalex.org/W1974529235","https://openalex.org/W4243362268","https://openalex.org/W76616354","https://openalex.org/W2101987807","https://openalex.org/W4245375473","https://openalex.org/W1966049924"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}