{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2077094939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1081/pdt-100101348","title":"Characterization of Endotoxin and Cationic Liposome Interaction","display_name":"Characterization of Endotoxin and Cationic Liposome Interaction","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2077094939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1081/pdt-100101348","mag":"2077094939","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10231875"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1081/pdt-100101348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1081/pdt-100101348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1081/pdt-100101348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80622011","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","issn_l":"1083-7450","issn":["1083-7450","1097-9867"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000447132","display_name":"Scott W. Poxon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott W. Poxon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA. spoxon@ufl.edu","Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA. spoxon@ufl.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000447132","display_name":"Scott W. Poxon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Poxon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA. spoxon@ufl.edu","Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100494, Gainesvile, FL, 32610, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA. spoxon@ufl.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100494, Gainesvile, FL, 32610, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103689052","display_name":"Jeffrey A. Hughes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey A. Hughes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3446,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5444501,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":"135","last_page":"143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10725","display_name":"RNA Interference and Gene Delivery","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10725","display_name":"RNA Interference and Gene Delivery","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10063","display_name":"Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10371","display_name":"Immune Response and Inflammation","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endotoxin","display_name":"endotoxin","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cationic-liposomes","display_name":"cationic liposomes","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonviral-gene-delivery","display_name":"non-viral gene delivery","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrostatic-attraction","display_name":"electrostatic attraction","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasmid-dna-binding","display_name":"plasmid DNA binding","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfection-efficiency","display_name":"transfection efficiency","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endotoxin-contamination","display_name":"endotoxin contamination","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limulus-amebocyte-lysate-assay","display_name":"Limulus amebocyte lysate assay","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cos-1-cells","display_name":"COS-1 cells","score":0.7409999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776040547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6549968","display_name":"Limulus amebocyte lysate","level":3,"score":0.843958854675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155887181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5053552","display_name":"Cationic liposome","level":4,"score":0.8406240940093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185154212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410454","display_name":"Liposome","level":2,"score":0.8328085541725159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54009773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429031","display_name":"Transfection","level":3,"score":0.7857706546783447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49923114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17139621","display_name":"Lipofectamine","level":5,"score":0.7476733326911926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183882617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046749","display_name":"Cationic polymerization","level":2,"score":0.5811726450920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5729549527168274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53227056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189152","display_name":"Viability assay","level":3,"score":0.5632259249687195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780783641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738686","display_name":"MTT assay","level":3,"score":0.5448647737503052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153911025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202","display_name":"Molecular biology","level":1,"score":0.47835320234298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109316439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246181","display_name":"Cytotoxicity","level":3,"score":0.44468724727630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.3926551938056946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.36684757471084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202751555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681","display_name":"In vitro","level":2,"score":0.3145512342453003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.28183451294898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40767141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285697","display_name":"Recombinant DNA","level":3,"score":0.2068881094455719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778754761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421804","display_name":"Lipopolysaccharide","level":2,"score":0.19413867592811584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92087593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427389","display_name":"Vector (molecular biology)","level":4,"score":0.16874778270721436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.1382102072238922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004731","descriptor_name":"Endotoxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005454","descriptor_name":"Fluorescence Polarization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008055","descriptor_name":"Lipids","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008081","descriptor_name":"Liposomes","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010957","descriptor_name":"Plasmids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014162","descriptor_name":"Transfection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015316","descriptor_name":"Genetic Therapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019556","descriptor_name":"COS Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055672","descriptor_name":"Static Electricity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1081/pdt-100101348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1081/pdt-100101348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1081/pdt-100101348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80622011","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","issn_l":"1083-7450","issn":["1083-7450","1097-9867"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10231875","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10231875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceutical development and technology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G849047282","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P01-AG10485-06","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8681985893","display_name":"Discovery of Novel Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease","funder_award_id":"P01AG010485","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306080","display_name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/00k86s890"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310009","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41640571","https://openalex.org/W58014301","https://openalex.org/W72369317","https://openalex.org/W334479586","https://openalex.org/W621843872","https://openalex.org/W1590329869","https://openalex.org/W1820861250","https://openalex.org/W1963931542","https://openalex.org/W1970708694","https://openalex.org/W1991190678","https://openalex.org/W1999157701","https://openalex.org/W2015912610","https://openalex.org/W2016026936","https://openalex.org/W2044918563","https://openalex.org/W2063486877","https://openalex.org/W2071952304","https://openalex.org/W2080648192","https://openalex.org/W2128984725","https://openalex.org/W2147819976","https://openalex.org/W2159923852","https://openalex.org/W2404025395","https://openalex.org/W2416056314","https://openalex.org/W4407211375"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1830293915","https://openalex.org/W2036331194","https://openalex.org/W1988537267","https://openalex.org/W2038880140","https://openalex.org/W2091955078","https://openalex.org/W2166013785","https://openalex.org/W1968232819","https://openalex.org/W1217530789","https://openalex.org/W2002988312","https://openalex.org/W2024186992"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,50,93],"objective":[1],"of":[2,10,37,52,108,131,178],"this":[3],"study":[4],"was":[5,23,41,64,112],"to":[6,122],"characterize":[7],"the":[8,29,55,115],"interaction":[9,22,69,103],"endotoxin":[11,53,75,100,132,140,179],"with":[12,104,162,184,199],"cationic":[13,145,166],"liposomes":[14,88,146],"used":[15,188,205],"in":[16,99,190,206],"nonviral":[17],"gene":[18],"delivery.":[19],"Endotoxin-cationic":[20],"liposome":[21,39,167],"characterized":[24],"using":[25,43,89],"fluorescent":[26,90],"anisotropy,":[27],"and":[28,58,76,144],"Limulus":[30],"amebocyte":[31],"lysate":[32],"(LAL)":[33],"assay.":[34,49],"Cellular":[35],"toxicity":[36],"endotoxin-cationic":[38],"complex":[40,57],"examined":[42],"a":[44,119,176],"dimethylthiazol":[45],"diphenyltetrazolium":[46],"bromide":[47],"(MTT)":[48],"effect":[51],"on":[54],"lipid-DNA":[56],"subsequent":[59],"transfection":[60,125,158,171],"into":[61],"COS-1":[62],"cells":[63],"also":[65],"examined.":[66],"A":[67],"competitive":[68],"occurred":[70],"between":[71],"fluoroscein":[72],"isothiocyanate":[73],"(FITC)-labeled":[74],"plasmid":[77,163,186],"DNA":[78,164],"for":[79,165,189],"binding":[80,168],"dioleoyl":[81],"glycero":[82,85],"trimethylammonium":[83],"propane:dioleoyl":[84],"phosphoethanolamine":[86],"(DOTAP:DOPE)":[87],"anisotropy":[91],"techniques.":[92],"LAL":[94],"assay":[95,117],"demonstrated":[96],"no":[97],"change":[98],"activity":[101,134],"upon":[102],"liposomes.":[105],"No":[106],"loss":[107],"COS":[109],"cell":[110,192],"viability":[111],"detected":[113],"via":[114,160],"MTT":[116],"during":[118],"5-hr":[120],"exposure":[121],"endotoxin.":[123],"Transient":[124],"studies":[126],"indicate":[127],"that":[128,181],"increasing":[129,170],"levels":[130],"lowered":[133],"more":[135],"than":[136],"90%":[137],"at":[138,173],"50,000":[139],"units":[141],"(EU)/ml.":[142],"Endotoxin":[143,153],"interact":[147],"mainly":[148],"by":[149,169],"an":[150],"electrostatic":[151],"attraction.":[152],"contamination":[154,180],"can":[155,182],"potentially":[156],"impact":[157],"efficiency":[159],"competition":[161],"variability":[172],"50":[174],"EU/ml,":[175],"concentration":[177],"occur":[183],"small-scale":[185],"preparations":[187,204],"vitro":[191],"transfections,":[193],"but":[194],"would":[195],"not":[196],"be":[197],"expected":[198],"typical":[200],"GLP":[201],"or":[202],"GMP":[203],"clinical":[207],"studies.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}