{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2076975571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/amp.2007.0020","title":"Ashes in the Gutter: 9/11 and the Serialization of Memory in DC Comics' Human Target","display_name":"Ashes in the Gutter: 9/11 and the Serialization of Memory in DC Comics' Human Target","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2076975571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/amp.2007.0020","mag":"2076975571"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/amp.2007.0020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/amp.2007.0020","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/amp.2007.0020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77206139","display_name":"American periodicals","issn_l":"1054-7479","issn":["1054-7479","1548-4238"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315752","host_organization_name":"Ohio State University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315752"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Ohio State University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Periodicals: A Journal of History & Criticism","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029986806","display_name":"J. Gavin Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4796-5462","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4796-5462"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Gavin Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029986806"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.0427,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98515622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":"208","last_page":"227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12390","display_name":"Comics and Graphic Narratives","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12390","display_name":"Comics and Graphic Narratives","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11104","display_name":"Memory, Trauma, and Commemoration","score":0.004100000020116568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12927","display_name":"Memory, History, Trauma, Identity","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/september-11-attacks","display_name":"September 11 attacks","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dc-comics","display_name":"DC Comics","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertigo","display_name":"vertigo","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comics","display_name":"comics","score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory","display_name":"memory","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serialization","display_name":"data serialization","score":0.5680000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529099274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1004","display_name":"Comics","level":2,"score":0.8217258453369141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781231848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16963074","display_name":"Greenwich","level":2,"score":0.6876834034919739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020586399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838795","display_name":"Comic strip","level":3,"score":0.681056797504425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52723943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127410","display_name":"Serialization","level":2,"score":0.5682700276374817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.5254701375961304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.4933554232120514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.4822167158126831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777720223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255430","display_name":"Demise","level":2,"score":0.45226871967315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4458683431148529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33566652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065927","display_name":"Theme (computing)","level":2,"score":0.443820059299469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.4166696071624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.40494629740715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.2300054430961609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.15995925664901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1286143660545349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.12157702445983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/amp.2007.0020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/amp.2007.0020","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/amp.2007.0020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77206139","display_name":"American periodicals","issn_l":"1054-7479","issn":["1054-7479","1548-4238"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315752","host_organization_name":"Ohio State University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315752"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Ohio State University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Periodicals: A Journal of History & Criticism","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/219803","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/219803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W148597617","https://openalex.org/W376990453","https://openalex.org/W432355088","https://openalex.org/W584831546","https://openalex.org/W588700658","https://openalex.org/W591107909","https://openalex.org/W592215489","https://openalex.org/W629926049","https://openalex.org/W641330530","https://openalex.org/W1995258346","https://openalex.org/W2048380889","https://openalex.org/W2058508427","https://openalex.org/W2063649727"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2189860239","https://openalex.org/W2194393989","https://openalex.org/W2748584662","https://openalex.org/W4322755208","https://openalex.org/W3035367843","https://openalex.org/W851151682","https://openalex.org/W7001955924","https://openalex.org/W7135516562","https://openalex.org/W2544132355","https://openalex.org/W1421286003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ashes":[0],"in":[1,10,156,265,273,302,306,340,412,574],"the":[2,6,37,74,89,95,111,119,124,146,160,186,215,218,228,252,259,282,294,316,324,329,343,345,348,362,367,386,391,398,413,416,427,434,444,448,459,463,471,478,482,495,503,517,536,548,562,570,578,581,595,602],"Gutter:":[3],"9/11":[4],"and":[5,28,39,168,178,194,214,222,241,308,347,515,526,545,569,588,599],"Serialization":[7],"of":[8,21,41,91,94,113,175,235,237,293,312,388,407,415,421,429,443,470,477,520,550,580,611],"Memory":[9],"DC":[11,81],"Comics'":[12,82],"Human":[13,76],"Target":[14,77],"J.":[15],"Gavin":[16],"Paul":[17],"[T]he":[18],"serial":[19],"packaging":[20],"a":[22,70,98,106,129,143,172,287,383,405,450,468,609,612],"long-form":[23],"comic":[24],"lends":[25,481],"certain":[26],"structural":[27],"design":[29],"elements":[30],"that":[31,205,232,258,269,452,585],"can":[32,540],"be":[33,203,426,542,558],"used":[34],"to":[35,166,190,212,285,328,377,457,592],"reinforce":[36],"shape":[38],"continuity":[40],"an":[42,102,134,380,484],"overarching":[43],"story.":[44],"\u2013Charles":[45],"Hatfield,":[46],"Alternative":[47],"Comics:":[48],"An":[49],"Emerging":[50],"Literature":[51],"Serialized":[52],"monthly":[53],"from":[54,73,577,584],"August":[55],"through":[56],"October,":[57],"2003,":[58],"\"The":[59,369,565],"Unshredded":[60],"Man\"\u2014written":[61],"by":[62,67,80,439],"Peter":[63],"Milligan":[64],"with":[65,97,352],"art":[66],"Javier":[68],"Pulido\u2014is":[69],"two-part":[71],"storyline":[72],"short-lived":[75],"series":[78],"published":[79],"Vertigo":[83],"imprint.":[84],"The":[85,181,299,394,474,509],"story":[86],"begins":[87],"at":[88,385,500,594],"end":[90],"issue":[92],"#1":[93],"series,":[96],"two-page":[99],"prelude":[100,392],"involving":[101],"almost":[103],"mind-numbing":[104],"paradox:":[105],"living":[107],"dead":[108],"man":[109,162,187,261,318],"recalling":[110],"moment":[112,537],"his":[114,139,164,191,335,441],"own":[115],"demise.":[116],"\"I":[117],"remember":[118,361],"day":[120,206,363],"I":[121,296,360,364],"died\"":[122],"is":[123,497],"prelude's":[125,518],"first":[126],"caption,":[127,368],"overlaying":[128,379],"vertical":[130],"panel":[131,151,170,314,331],"focused":[132],"on":[133,145,152,163,227,245,323,334],"average":[135],"looking,":[136],"middle-class":[137],"man,":[138],"eyes":[140],"closed,":[141],"kissing":[142],"woman":[144],"cheek.1":[147],"With":[148,374],"each":[149,169],"successive":[150],"this":[153,375],"page":[154,480,512,604],"(eight":[155],"all),":[157],"we":[158,197,230,423,487],"follow":[159],"unnamed":[161,260,317],"way":[165,288],"work,":[167],"contains":[171],"similar":[173],"intermixture":[174],"mundane":[176,346],"visuals":[177],"surreal":[179,349],"ruminations.":[180],"juxtapositions":[182],"are":[183,225,338,524],"stark:":[184],"as":[185,217,404,547,608],"waves":[188],"goodbye":[189],"smiling":[192],"wife":[193],"two":[195],"sons,":[196],"read,":[198],"\"If":[199],"I'd":[200,202,207],"known":[201],"dying":[204],"have":[208],"said":[209],"something":[210],"more":[211,437,455,529],"Helen":[213],"kids\";":[216],"man's":[219],"blank":[220],"face":[221,414],"unassuming":[223],"frame":[224],"crowded":[226],"subway,":[229],"learn":[231],"\"the":[233,276],"idea":[234],"dying,":[236],"escaping":[238],"exposure,":[239],"shame":[240],"prison":[242],"had":[243],"been":[244,263],"my":[246],"mind":[247],"for":[248],"some":[249],"time.\"":[250],"Through":[251],"caption":[253],"boxes":[254],"it":[255,557,607],"becomes":[256],"apparent":[257],"has":[262],"involved":[264],"questionable":[266],"business":[267],"practices":[268],"could":[270,556],"land":[271],"him":[272,322,454,466],"jail;":[274],"feeling":[275],"noose":[277],"tightening,\"":[278],"he":[279],"recalls":[280],"walking":[281],"streets,":[283],"\"trying":[284],"figure":[286],"[End":[289],"Page":[290],"208]":[291],"out":[292],"hole":[295],"was":[297],"in.\"":[298],"panels":[300],"accumulate":[301],"rapid":[303],"succession,":[304],"shrinking":[305],"size":[307],"becoming":[309],"increasingly":[310],"suggestive":[311],"claustrophobia\u2014in":[313],"7":[315],"finds":[319],"those":[320],"around":[321],"teeming":[325],"street":[326],"pointing":[327],"sky;":[330],"8":[332],"tightens":[333],"eyes,":[336],"which":[337],"widening":[339],"alarm.":[341],"Turning":[342],"page,":[344,400,464],"finally":[350],"coalesce":[351],"horrifying":[353],"clarity":[354],"(see":[355],"Figure":[356],"1):":[357],"\"Of":[358],"course":[359],"died,\"":[365],"reads":[366],"whole":[370,566],"world":[371,384,567],"remembers\"":[372],"(34).":[373],"call":[376],"remember,":[378],"image":[381,442,483,589],"representing":[382],"threshold":[387],"epochal":[389],"change,":[390],"ends.":[393],"Twin":[395],"Towers":[396],"dominate":[397],"splash":[399,511,603],"their":[401,409,430],"immensity":[402],"functioning":[403],"reminder":[406],"both":[408],"seeming":[410],"invincibility":[411],"inescapable":[417],"collision,":[418],"but":[419,535],"also":[420],"what":[422,489],"know":[424,488],"will":[425],"magnitude":[428],"fall.":[431],"Pulido":[432],"renders":[433],"towers":[435,460],"even":[436],"imposing":[438],"rotating":[440],"skyline":[445],"slightly":[446],"off":[447],"perpendicular,":[449],"move":[451],"gives":[453],"room":[456],"stretch":[458],"diagonally":[461],"across":[462],"helping":[465],"capture":[467],"sense":[469],"moment's":[472],"surrealness.":[473],"inherent":[475],"stasis":[476],"comic-book":[479],"eerie":[485],"stillness:":[486],"happens":[490],"next\u2014what":[491],"must":[492],"happen":[493],"next\u2014but":[494],"inevitable":[496],"held":[498],"off,":[499],"least":[501],"until":[502],"story's":[504],"promised":[505],"continuation":[506],"\"Next":[507],"[Issue].\"":[508],"striking":[510],"immediately":[513],"amplifies":[514],"complicates":[516],"treatment":[519],"memory.":[521],"Pulido's":[522],"lines":[523],"light":[525],"economical,":[527],"tending":[528],"towards":[530],"iconic":[531],"representation":[532],"than":[533],"realism,":[534],"being":[538],"depicted":[539],"nevertheless":[541],"instantly":[543],"decoded":[544],"contextualized":[546],"morning":[549],"September":[551],"11,":[552],"2001.":[553],"Indeed,":[554],"how":[555],"anything":[559],"else?":[560],"As":[561],"narrator":[563],"says,":[564],"remembers,\"":[568],"page's":[571],"power":[572],"stems":[573],"large":[575],"part":[576],"indelibility":[579],"horrific":[582],"images":[583],"day.":[586],"Word":[587],"thus":[590],"combine":[591],"tease":[593],"line":[596],"between":[597],"fiction":[598],"reality:":[600],"\"reading\"":[601],"means":[605],"identifying":[606],"re-imagining":[610],"real-world":[613],"event.":[614],"Put":[615],"another":[616],"way,":[617],"the...":[618]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}