{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2076586356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00067-0","title":"Attractor dynamics in word recognition: converging evidence from errors by normal subjects, dyslexic patients and a connectionist model","display_name":"Attractor dynamics in word recognition: converging evidence from errors by normal subjects, dyslexic patients and a connectionist model","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2076586356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00067-0","mag":"2076586356","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10594311"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00067-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00067-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00067-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88198767","display_name":"Cognition","issn_l":"0010-0277","issn":["0010-0277","1873-7838"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Attractor_dynamics_in_word_recognition_converging_evidence_from_errors_by_normal_subjects_dyslexic_patients_and_a_connectionist_model_/6613613","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110225240","display_name":"Peter McLeod","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter McLeod","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK. peter.mcleod@psy.ox.ac.uk","Department of Experimental Psychology Oxford University Oxford UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK. peter.mcleod@psy.ox.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Experimental Psychology Oxford University Oxford UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111504416","display_name":"Tim Shallice","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Shallice","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015410454","display_name":"David C. Plaut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0399-7120","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0399-7120"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David C Plaut","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110225240"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":{"value":3910,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3910},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7797,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90372898,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"1","first_page":"91","last_page":"114"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"word recognition","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attractor-dynamics","display_name":"attractor dynamics","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-dyslexia","display_name":"deep dyslexia","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-errors","display_name":"semantic errors","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-errors","display_name":"visual errors","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connectionist-models","display_name":"connectionist models","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-networks","display_name":"recurrent neural networks","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-aloud","display_name":"reading aloud","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lesion-simulation","display_name":"lesion simulation","score":0.4950000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8521452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203790","display_name":"Connectionism","level":3,"score":0.8412824869155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6781920790672302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150670947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43091","display_name":"Orthography","level":3,"score":0.6772716045379639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6492570638656616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164380108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507187","display_name":"Attractor","level":2,"score":0.6081953048706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.6016258001327515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5493277907371521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5453559160232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5092631578445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088390","display_name":"Spelling","level":2,"score":0.4564216136932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4195364713668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38345009088516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3387479782104492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31185364723205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3073332607746124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.12902790307998657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008606","descriptor_name":"Mental Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00067-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00067-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00067-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88198767","display_name":"Cognition","issn_l":"0010-0277","issn":["0010-0277","1873-7838"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10594311","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10594311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognition","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.cmu.edu:psychology-2147","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.cmu.edu/psychology/1129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050927","display_name":"KiltHub Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","host_organization_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Department of Psychology","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:123303","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/123303/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"COGNITION , 74 (1) 91 - 113. (2000)","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/6613613","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Attractor_dynamics_in_word_recognition_converging_evidence_from_errors_by_normal_subjects_dyslexic_patients_and_a_connectionist_model_/6613613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.sissa.it:20.500.11767/30063","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11767/30063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055192","display_name":"SDL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.1184/r1/6613613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1184/r1/6613613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1184/r1/6613613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050927","display_name":"KiltHub Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","host_organization_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.1184/r1/6613613.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1184/r1/6613613.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1184/r1/6613613.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050927","display_name":"KiltHub Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","host_organization_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/6613613","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Attractor_dynamics_in_word_recognition_converging_evidence_from_errors_by_normal_subjects_dyslexic_patients_and_a_connectionist_model_/6613613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43956815","https://openalex.org/W1503404806","https://openalex.org/W1836880760","https://openalex.org/W1964768299","https://openalex.org/W1997837449","https://openalex.org/W2002282318","https://openalex.org/W2007800656","https://openalex.org/W2015865350","https://openalex.org/W2023372216","https://openalex.org/W2024245812","https://openalex.org/W2025192393","https://openalex.org/W2027141514","https://openalex.org/W2031764694","https://openalex.org/W2040187703","https://openalex.org/W2052305262","https://openalex.org/W2059183761","https://openalex.org/W2059501269","https://openalex.org/W2091741943","https://openalex.org/W2092270458","https://openalex.org/W2098505283","https://openalex.org/W2106498671","https://openalex.org/W2124849640","https://openalex.org/W2147743395","https://openalex.org/W2150161574","https://openalex.org/W2155655879","https://openalex.org/W2161070585","https://openalex.org/W2175790825","https://openalex.org/W2330569896","https://openalex.org/W4233900285","https://openalex.org/W4280540823","https://openalex.org/W6601795812","https://openalex.org/W6657293851","https://openalex.org/W6838708067"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1604721661","https://openalex.org/W2025192393","https://openalex.org/W10061892","https://openalex.org/W2093518122","https://openalex.org/W2338750488","https://openalex.org/W2007800656","https://openalex.org/W2144307132","https://openalex.org/W45039804","https://openalex.org/W1562988084","https://openalex.org/W2161070585"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}