{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2076577541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1924406","title":"Potential Benefits of Rail Mergers: An Econometric Analysis of Network Effects on Service Quality","display_name":"Potential Benefits of Rail Mergers: An Econometric Analysis of Network Effects on Service Quality","publication_year":1983,"publication_date":"1983-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2076577541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1924406","mag":"2076577541"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1924406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1924406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1924406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180061323","display_name":"The Review of Economics and Statistics","issn_l":"0034-6535","issn":["0034-6535","1530-9142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Review of Economics and Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113983275","display_name":"Robert G. Harris","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert G. Harris","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113477099","display_name":"Clifford M. Winston","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clifford Winston","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.893,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96677153,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"1","first_page":"32","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13439","display_name":"Transport and Economic Policies","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13439","display_name":"Transport and Economic Policies","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.02290000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11599","display_name":"Aviation Industry Analysis and Trends","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/railroad-mergers","display_name":"railroad mergers","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rail-freight","display_name":"rail freight","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-quality","display_name":"service quality","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-effects","display_name":"network effects","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertical-mergers","display_name":"vertical mergers","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horizontal-mergers","display_name":"horizontal mergers","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economies-of-scale","display_name":"economies of scale","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economies-of-scope","display_name":"economies of scope","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-reduction","display_name":"cost reduction","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-competition","display_name":"market competition","score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shippers","display_name":"shippers","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-share","display_name":"market share","score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-industries","display_name":"network industries","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacity-utilization","display_name":"capacity utilization","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-efficiency","display_name":"operational efficiency","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-policy","display_name":"competition policy","score":0.44999998807907104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.5619877576828003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5599384903907776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5436176657676697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.5055451393127441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16051113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828814","display_name":"Market share","level":2,"score":0.5021898746490479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140781008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221081","display_name":"Service quality","level":3,"score":0.42720651626586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3991982638835907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.36542993783950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1924406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1924406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1924406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180061323","display_name":"The Review of Economics and Statistics","issn_l":"0034-6535","issn":["0034-6535","1530-9142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Review of Economics and Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:tpr:restat:v:65:y:1983:i:1:p:32-40","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0034-6535%28198302%2965%3A1%3C32%3APBORMA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H&origin=repec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6773999929428101,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W597815614","https://openalex.org/W612541443","https://openalex.org/W1512350636","https://openalex.org/W1513602766","https://openalex.org/W1994186658","https://openalex.org/W2000796079","https://openalex.org/W2085496556","https://openalex.org/W2094747884","https://openalex.org/W2101782430","https://openalex.org/W3144181605"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994186658","https://openalex.org/W2575627977","https://openalex.org/W2606603800","https://openalex.org/W238515521","https://openalex.org/W2607250057","https://openalex.org/W653003397","https://openalex.org/W2574362507","https://openalex.org/W645882077","https://openalex.org/W7138888446","https://openalex.org/W596468427"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PERHAPS":[0],"of":[1,10,42,53,94,114,135,147,200,208,248,265,269,281,292,308,315,352,364,367,401,457],"utmost":[2],"importance":[3],"to":[4,100,106,131,167,190,287,347,398],"the":[5,11,15,25,32,40,51,57,91,102,112,133,144,148,151,175,197,214,227,254,282,293,295,303,306,316,349,370,389,399,402,406,411,428,432,455,458,468],"longterm":[6],"structure":[7],"and":[8,31,63,66,122,177,238,300,305,328,384,388,420,434,439,449],"performance":[9,186,225],"railroad":[12,29,209],"industry":[13,229,284],"are":[14,20,165,187,331,437,447,465],"large-scale":[16],"corporate":[17],"mergers":[18,72,141,155,210,464],"which":[19,104,251,373,394,413,431],"currently":[21],"pending":[22],"or":[23,275,356],"in":[24,50,77,111,128,150,162,183,226,302,310,391,451,467],"planning":[26],"stage.":[27],"Though":[28],"managers":[30],"Congress":[33],"have":[34,73,285],"apparently":[35],"been":[36],"very":[37],"enthusiastic":[38],"about":[39],"benefits":[41,103,436],"rail":[43,95,115,228,258,283,317,326,340,353,368,378,403],"mergers,'":[44],"this":[45,320,343],"enthusiasm":[46],"is":[47,211,218,240],"not":[48,86,188],"shared":[49],"conclusions":[52],"retrospective":[54],"studies":[55,84],"on":[56,90],"topic.":[58],"For":[59],"instance,":[60,262],"Gallamore":[61],"(1969)":[62],"Sloss,":[64],"Humphrey":[65],"Kruttner":[67],"(1975)":[68],"concluded":[69],"that":[70,139,216,325],"recent":[71,119],"had":[74],"little":[75],"success":[76],"achieving":[78],"anticipated":[79],"cost":[80,371,433],"savings.":[81],"Unfortunately,":[82,278],"these":[83],"do":[85],"shed":[87],"much":[88],"light":[89],"social":[92,169,198],"desirability":[93],"reorganization":[96],"as":[97,172,235],"they":[98],"fail":[99],"measure":[101,132,360],"accrue":[105,397],"shippers":[107],"through":[108,418],"mergerinduced":[109],"improvements":[110,390],"quality":[113,202,312,330,393],"service.":[116],"In":[117,158,204,257,319,405,423],"a":[118,184,192,220,246],"paper,":[120,321],"Levin":[121],"Weinberg":[123],"(1979)":[124],"used":[125],"post-merger":[126],"changes":[127,182],"market":[129,145,163,335],"shares":[130,146],"effect":[134],"mergers.":[136,422],"They":[137],"found":[138],"end-to-end":[140],"did":[142,156],"increase":[143],"firms":[149,250],"sample,":[152],"whereas":[153],"parallel":[154],"not.":[157],"their":[159],"analysis,":[160],"increases":[161],"share":[164],"assumed":[166],"reflect":[168],"benefits;":[170],"however,":[171],"acknowledged":[173],"by":[174,179,213,245,334,377],"authors2":[176],"demonstrated":[178],"Spence":[180],"(1975),":[181],"firm's":[185],"likely":[189],"be":[191,375,415],"sufficient":[193],"criterion":[194],"for":[195,261,460],"determining":[196],"value":[199],"service":[201,271,311,329,392],"improvements.":[203],"general,":[205],"an":[206],"analysis":[207],"complicated":[212],"fact":[215],"one":[217],"analyzing":[219],"network":[221,232,296],"industry.":[222],"That":[223],"is,":[224],"(and":[230],"other":[231],"industries":[233],"such":[234],"telecommunications,":[236],"trucking,":[237],"electricity)":[239],"generally":[241],"dependent":[242],"upon":[243,313],"operations":[244],"number":[247],"distinct":[249],"jointly":[252],"produce":[253],"final":[255],"output.":[256],"freight":[259],"transportation,":[260],"roughly":[263],"70%":[264],"total":[266],"car-miles":[267],"consists":[268],"interline":[270],"(i.e.,":[272],"involves":[273],"two":[274,289,362],"more":[276],"carriers).":[277],"previous":[279],"analyses":[280],"failed":[286],"incorporate":[288],"critical":[290],"features":[291],"industry:":[294],"interdependencies":[297],"among":[298,339],"carriers":[299,379],"links":[301],"network,":[304],"effects":[307,366],"differences":[309],"users":[314,400],"system.":[318,404],"we":[322,345,409,426],"explicitly":[323],"recognize":[324],"costs":[327],"significantly":[332],"affected":[333],"competition":[336],"and/or":[337],"coordination":[338],"carriers.":[341],"From":[342],"perspective,":[344],"attempt":[346],"estimate":[348],"potential":[350,365],"consequences":[351],"mergers,":[354],"vertical":[355,421],"parallel,":[357],"respectively.":[358],"We":[359],"separately":[361],"classes":[363],"mergers:":[369],"savings":[372],"might":[374],"realized":[376,417],"(through":[380],"increased":[381],"operating":[382],"efficiencies":[383],"improved":[385],"capacity":[386],"utilization)":[387],"would":[395],"potentially":[396,416],"next":[407],"section,":[408],"identify":[410],"economies":[412],"can":[414],"horizontal":[419],"section":[424,452],"III":[425],"develop":[427],"framework":[429],"within":[430],"service-related":[435],"estimated":[438],"describe":[440],"our":[441],"data":[442],"base.":[443],"The":[444],"empirical":[445],"results":[446,459],"presented":[448],"interpreted":[450],"IV.":[453],"Finally,":[454],"implications":[456],"public":[461],"policy":[462],"toward":[463],"discussed":[466],"concluding":[469],"section.":[470]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}