{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2076218118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1991)117:2(584)","title":"Duration of Load Effects in LRFD for Wood Construction","display_name":"Duration of Load Effects in LRFD for Wood Construction","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2076218118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1991)117:2(584)","mag":"2076218118"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1991)117:2(584)","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1991)117:2(584)","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1991)117:2(584)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93312259","display_name":"Journal of Structural Engineering","issn_l":"0733-9445","issn":["0733-9445","1943-541X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Structural Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061220680","display_name":"Bruce R. Ellingwood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-3656","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-3656"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce Ellingwood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., The Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD 21218\u20102699"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., The Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD 21218\u20102699","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032930211","display_name":"David V. Rosowsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3079-6428","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3079-6428","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7765-7287"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Rosowsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Asst. Prof., School of Civ. Engrg., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47902; formerly Grad. Res. Asst., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., The Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD","Asst. Prof., School of Civ. Engrg., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47902"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Asst. Prof., School of Civ. Engrg., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47902; formerly Grad. Res. Asst., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., The Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Asst. Prof., School of Civ. Engrg., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47902","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.7567,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97849042,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"117","issue":"2","first_page":"584","last_page":"599"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10928","display_name":"Probabilistic and Robust Engineering Design","score":0.6890000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10928","display_name":"Probabilistic and Robust Engineering Design","score":0.6890000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10484","display_name":"Wood Treatment and Properties","score":0.22120000422000885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12940","display_name":"Structural Engineering and Materials Analysis","score":0.012900000438094139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-and-resistance-factor-design","display_name":"load and resistance factor design","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timber-construction","display_name":"timber construction","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-processes","display_name":"stochastic processes","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overload-failure","display_name":"overload failure","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-reliability","display_name":"structural reliability","score":0.6029999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6637800335884094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.6580928564071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.608195960521698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.5507475137710571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16995789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564634","display_name":"Limit state design","level":2,"score":0.5401671528816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987092418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62517323","display_name":"Structural reliability","level":3,"score":0.5167579054832458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.45896434783935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.42892634868621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781192867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3658629","display_name":"Limit load","level":3,"score":0.4263293147087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3515801727771759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20562782883644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.10992231965065002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.09783932566642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1991)117:2(584)","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1991)117:2(584)","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1991)117:2(584)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93312259","display_name":"Journal of Structural Engineering","issn_l":"0733-9445","issn":["0733-9445","1943-541X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Structural Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24271456","https://openalex.org/W103775080","https://openalex.org/W271707924","https://openalex.org/W588159958","https://openalex.org/W616906889","https://openalex.org/W641838488","https://openalex.org/W1052309478","https://openalex.org/W1595100268","https://openalex.org/W2009437538","https://openalex.org/W2030036050","https://openalex.org/W2083814076","https://openalex.org/W2093679899","https://openalex.org/W2112251035","https://openalex.org/W2158684502","https://openalex.org/W2193486419","https://openalex.org/W2271158667","https://openalex.org/W2276459145","https://openalex.org/W2418828984","https://openalex.org/W2517204631","https://openalex.org/W2520435687","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2481174130","https://openalex.org/W2736211412","https://openalex.org/W2117827975","https://openalex.org/W2517204631","https://openalex.org/W2120582137","https://openalex.org/W2413194943","https://openalex.org/W112659029","https://openalex.org/W2083814076","https://openalex.org/W2494917556","https://openalex.org/W58861757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"wood":[1,14,52,150],"industry":[2],"is":[3,53,120],"developing":[4],"a":[5,35,54,126,137],"load":[6,113],"and":[7,23,32,69,90],"resistance":[8],"factor":[9],"design":[10,29,44,118],"(LRFD)":[11],"specification":[12,36,119],"for":[13,28],"construction.":[15],"This":[16],"effort":[17],"provides":[18],"an":[19],"opportunity":[20],"to":[21,33,64,122,144],"reevaluate":[22],"restructure":[24],"the":[25,49,65,97,116,146],"current":[26],"bases":[27],"with":[30,57,136],"wood,":[31],"develop":[34],"using":[37],"concepts":[38],"of":[39,67,71,99,110,112,149],"probability\u2010based":[40],"limit\u2010states":[41],"design.":[42],"Wood":[43],"must":[45],"take":[46],"into":[47],"account":[48],"fact":[50],"that":[51,95,133],"natural":[55],"material":[56],"large":[58],"variations":[59],"in":[60,115],"mechanical":[61],"properties,":[62],"sensitive":[63],"rate":[66],"application":[68],"duration":[70,111],"structural":[72,80],"loads.":[73],"These":[74],"complications":[75],"are":[76,134],"addressed":[77],"by":[78,91,101],"modeling":[79],"loads":[81],"as":[82,87],"random":[83,88],"processes,":[84],"rather":[85],"than":[86],"variables,":[89],"postulating":[92],"limit":[93],"states":[94],"reflect":[96,145],"possibility":[98],"failure":[100],"either":[102],"progressive":[103],"damage":[104],"accumulation":[105],"or":[106],"overload.":[107],"Current":[108],"treatment":[109],"effects":[114],"national":[117],"found":[121],"be":[123,142],"inconsistent":[124],"from":[125],"uniform":[127],"reliability":[128,139],"viewpoint.":[129],"Practical":[130],"LRFD":[131],"criteria":[132],"consistent":[135],"desired":[138],"measure":[140],"can":[141],"developed":[143],"time\u2010dependent":[147],"nature":[148],"behavior.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
