{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2076162863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adn066","title":"The 2008 Ethiopian local elections: The return of electoral authoritarianism","display_name":"The 2008 Ethiopian local elections: The return of electoral authoritarianism","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2076162863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adn066","mag":"2076162863"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/afraf/adn066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adn066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adn066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33869021","display_name":"African Affairs","issn_l":"0001-9909","issn":["0001-9909","1468-2621"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Affairs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006957456","display_name":"Lovise Aalen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4959-3658","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4959-3658"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Aalen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lovise Aalen ( ) is Associate Professor at the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy. She lived in Ethiopia and conducted research there from 2004\u20138. Kjetil Tronvoll ( ) is Professor at the University of Oslo, Norwegian Centre for Human Rights. He has undertaken research on political development in Eritrea and Ethiopia since the fall of the Derg regime in 1991","University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lovise Aalen ( ) is Associate Professor at the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy. She lived in Ethiopia and conducted research there from 2004\u20138. Kjetil Tronvoll ( ) is Professor at the University of Oslo, Norwegian Centre for Human Rights. He has undertaken research on political development in Eritrea and Ethiopia since the fall of the Derg regime in 1991","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029869131","display_name":"Kjetil Tronvoll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0599-6674","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0599-6674"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Tronvoll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lovise Aalen ( ) is Associate Professor at the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy. She lived in Ethiopia and conducted research there from 2004\u20138. Kjetil Tronvoll ( ) is Professor at the University of Oslo, Norwegian Centre for Human Rights. He has undertaken research on political development in Eritrea and Ethiopia since the fall of the Derg regime in 1991","University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lovise Aalen ( ) is Associate Professor at the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy. She lived in Ethiopia and conducted research there from 2004\u20138. Kjetil Tronvoll ( ) is Professor at the University of Oslo, Norwegian Centre for Human Rights. He has undertaken research on political development in Eritrea and Ethiopia since the fall of the Derg regime in 1991","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"apc_list":{"value":3446,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4544},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.5434,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":102,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99152346,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"108","issue":"430","first_page":"111","last_page":"120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.4560999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.4560999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13504","display_name":"African history and culture analysis","score":0.3562000095844269,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13162","display_name":"African Studies and Ethnography","score":0.13760000467300415,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-authoritarianism","display_name":"electoral authoritarianism","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratization","display_name":"democratization","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethiopian-people-s-revolutionary-democratic-front","display_name":"Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-regimes","display_name":"hybrid regimes","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-crackdown","display_name":"political crackdown","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-intimidation","display_name":"electoral intimidation","score":0.3779999911785126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63428231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9043","display_name":"Norwegian","level":2,"score":0.7947967052459717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68346564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6229","display_name":"Authoritarianism","level":4,"score":0.6438453197479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6331610679626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5732815861701965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.4829234778881073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3830060362815857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2736845016479492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.17628324031829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/afraf/adn066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adn066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adn066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33869021","display_name":"African Affairs","issn_l":"0001-9909","issn":["0001-9909","1468-2621"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Affairs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391686086","https://openalex.org/W2143102744","https://openalex.org/W2989680191","https://openalex.org/W4220927816","https://openalex.org/W646769785","https://openalex.org/W2090790804","https://openalex.org/W2000085416","https://openalex.org/W2055033418","https://openalex.org/W2611355478","https://openalex.org/W7160408779"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ethiopia":[0,142],"carried":[1],"out":[2,45],"local":[3,47,88,125],"elections":[4,22,37,89,126,162,187,235],"for":[5,61,215],"neighbourhood":[6],"(kebele)":[7],"and":[8,14,74,96,108,113,157,174,206],"county":[9],"(woreda)":[10],"assemblies":[11],"on":[12],"13":[13],"20":[15],"April":[16],"2008,":[17],"respectively.1":[18],"By":[19],"law,":[20],"these":[21],"were":[23],"supposed":[24],"to":[25,43,121,165,192,213],"be":[26],"conducted":[27,236],"in":[28,79,92,134,140,181,232],"2005,":[29],"but":[30,168],"the":[31,35,46,50,54,59,62,66,75,80,83,86,94,117,124,129,137,145,194,216,222,230,234],"chaotic":[32],"period":[33],"after":[34],"general":[36,56],"that":[38,221],"year":[39],"made":[40],"it":[41],"impossible":[42],"carry":[44],"polls.":[48],"Considering":[49],"formative":[51],"character":[52],"of":[53,85,98,102,111,131,147,160,229],"2005":[55],"elections,":[57],"where":[58],"opposition":[60,119],"first":[63],"time":[64],"challenged":[65],"ruling":[67,217],"Ethiopian":[68],"People's":[69],"Revolutionary":[70],"Democratic":[71],"Front":[72],"(EPRDF),":[73],"dramatic":[76],"political":[77,106],"crackdown":[78],"post-election":[81],"period,":[82],"conduct":[84],"2008":[87],"is":[90,203],"important":[91],"understanding":[93],"status":[95],"direction":[97],"Ethiopia's":[99],"overall":[100],"process":[101],"democratization.":[103],"The":[104,151],"constrained":[105],"context":[107],"government":[109],"strategies":[110],"intimidation":[112],"harassment":[114],"\u2013":[115,127],"leading":[116],"main":[118],"parties":[120,202],"withdraw":[122],"from":[123],"signal":[128],"return":[130],"electoral":[132,183],"authoritarianism":[133],"Ethiopia.":[135],"Since":[136],"regime":[138],"change":[139],"1991":[141],"has":[143,153],"fitted":[144],"description":[146],"a":[148,154,158,190],"hybrid":[149],"regime.2":[150],"country":[152],"democratic":[155],"constitution":[156],"form":[159],"multi-party":[161,186],"normally":[163],"linked":[164],"liberal":[166],"democracies,":[167],"its":[169],"practices":[170],"are":[171,178,188],"highly":[172],"authoritarian":[173,184],"basic":[175],"human":[176],"rights":[177],"undermined.":[179],"As":[180],"other":[182],"states,3":[185],"largely":[189],"means":[191],"sustain":[193],"incumbent":[195],"regime's":[196],"own":[197],"power.":[198],"Free":[199],"competition":[200],"between":[201],"not":[204],"allowed":[205],"voters":[207],"have":[208],"been":[209],"under":[210],"severe":[211],"pressure":[212],"vote":[214],"party.":[218],"This":[219],"ensured":[220],"EPRDF":[223],"won":[224],"more":[225],"than":[226],"95":[227],"percent":[228],"votes":[231],"all":[233],"until":[237],"2005.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}