{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2075110372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.487241","title":"Application of the LMC algorithm to anomaly detection using the Wichmann/NIITEK ground-penetrating radar","display_name":"Application of the LMC algorithm to anomaly detection using the Wichmann/NIITEK ground-penetrating radar","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2075110372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.487241","mag":"2075110372"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.487241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.487241","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.487241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109056136","display_name":"Peter A. Torrione","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter A. Torrione","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke Univ. (United States)","[Duke University, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Duke University, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004578492","display_name":"Leslie M. Collins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9043-6531","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9043-6531"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leslie M. Collins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke Univ. (United States)","[Duke University, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Duke University, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009189200","display_name":"Fred Clodfelter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134337","display_name":"Nitek (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03j45zm42","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134337"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fred Clodfelter","raw_affiliation_strings":["NIITEK Inc. (United States)","NIITEK Inc. (USA)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIITEK Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIITEK Inc. (USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007147295","display_name":"Shane Frasier","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134337","display_name":"Nitek (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03j45zm42","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134337"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shane Frasier","raw_affiliation_strings":["NIITEK Inc. (United States)","NIITEK Inc. (USA)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIITEK Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIITEK Inc. (USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046344658","display_name":"Ian Starnes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134337","display_name":"Nitek (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03j45zm42","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134337"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Starnes","raw_affiliation_strings":["NIITEK Inc. (United States)","NIITEK Inc. (USA)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIITEK Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIITEK Inc. (USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.675,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80301129,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5089","issue":null,"first_page":"1127","last_page":"1127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"anomaly detection","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"ground penetrating radar","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-signal-processing","display_name":"adaptive signal processing","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm-reduction","display_name":"false alarm reduction","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-type","display_name":"soil type","score":0.4869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorological-conditions","display_name":"weather conditions","score":0.6079999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.9187127351760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.7389611005783081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.615991473197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6012845039367676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5347451567649841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.49852705001831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4741646349430084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4638986587524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.4261457324028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.41275250911712646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3638128638267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1868654489517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.13556161522865295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07802411913871765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.487241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.487241","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.487241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106638710","https://openalex.org/W2432232235","https://openalex.org/W2162805627","https://openalex.org/W1518080087","https://openalex.org/W2379045202","https://openalex.org/W2024150566","https://openalex.org/W1189057589","https://openalex.org/W2090645983","https://openalex.org/W140783218","https://openalex.org/W2125416627"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"describes":[2],"the":[3,16,31,70,94,97,147],"application":[4],"of":[5,24,96,125,130],"a":[6,78,120],"2-dimensional":[7],"(2-D)":[8],"lattice":[9],"LMS":[10],"algorithm":[11],"for":[12,107],"anomaly":[13],"detection":[14],"using":[15],"Wichmann/Niitek":[17],"ground":[18],"penetrating":[19],"radar":[20],"(GPR)":[21],"system.":[22],"Sets":[23],"3-dimensional":[25],"(3-D)":[26],"data":[27,100,108],"are":[28,36,46,51,59,74,91,105],"collected":[29,109],"from":[30],"GPR":[32,134],"system":[33],"and":[34,57,89],"these":[35,58],"processed":[37,60],"in":[38,49],"separate":[39,54],"2-D":[40,43,79,83],"slices.":[41],"Those":[42],"slices":[44],"that":[45],"spatially":[47],"correlated":[48],"depth":[50,72],"combined":[52,75],"into":[53],"\u201cdepth":[55],"segments\u201d":[56],"independently.":[61],"When":[62],"target/no":[63],"target":[64],"declarations":[65],"need":[66],"to":[67,76],"be":[68],"made,":[69],"individual":[71],"segments":[73],"yield":[77],"confidence":[80,84],"map.":[81],"The":[82],"map":[85],"is":[86],"then":[87],"thresholded":[88],"alarms":[90],"placed":[92],"at":[93,126],"centroids":[95],"remaining":[98],"8-connected":[99],"points.":[101],"Calibration":[102],"lane":[103],"results":[104],"presented":[106],"over":[110,132,141],"several":[111,115],"soil":[112],"types":[113],"under":[114],"weather":[116],"conditions.":[117],"Results":[118],"show":[119],"false":[121],"alarm":[122],"rate":[123],"improvement":[124,140],"least":[127],"an":[128],"order":[129],"magnitude":[131],"other":[133,142],"systems,":[135],"as":[136,138],"well":[137],"significant":[139],"adaptive":[143],"algorithms":[144],"operating":[145],"on":[146],"same":[148],"data.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}