{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2074597978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3402/nano.v2i0.7249","title":"Nanoscale structure, dynamics and power conversion efficiency correlations in small molecule and oligomer-based photovoltaic devices","display_name":"Nanoscale structure, dynamics and power conversion efficiency correlations in small molecule and oligomer-based photovoltaic devices","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2074597978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3402/nano.v2i0.7249","mag":"2074597978","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22110870","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3215193"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3402/nano.v2i0.7249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3402/nano.v2i0.7249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3402/nano.v2i0.7249","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/nano.v2i0.7249?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152105498","display_name":"Nano Reviews","issn_l":"2000-5121","issn":["2000-5121"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nano Reviews","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/nano.v2i0.7249?download=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008529193","display_name":"Jodi M. Szarko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2181-9408","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2181-9408"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jodi M. Szarko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109130921","display_name":"Jianchang Guo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianchang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA;Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA","Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA","Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA;Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044069058","display_name":"Brian S. Rolczynski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8783-1266","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8783-1266"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian S. Rolczynski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA;Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA","Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA","Department of Chemistry, Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA;Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921","https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014620636","display_name":"Lin X. Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8450-6687","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8450-6687"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lin X. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA;Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA","Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA","Department of Chemistry, Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA;Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921","https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014620636"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921","https://openalex.org/I1282105669"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2651,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81290267,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"7249","last_page":"7249"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10045","display_name":"Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10045","display_name":"Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10611","display_name":"Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11471","display_name":"Block Copolymer Self-Assembly","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-solar-cells","display_name":"organic solar cells","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-molecule-organic-solar-cells","display_name":"small-molecule organic solar cells","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanoscale-morphology","display_name":"nanoscale morphology","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/film-crystallinity","display_name":"film crystallinity","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-harvesting","display_name":"light harvesting","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exciton-splitting","display_name":"exciton splitting","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exciton-diffusion","display_name":"exciton diffusion","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge-separation","display_name":"charge separation","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge-transport","display_name":"charge transport","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-conversion-efficiency","display_name":"power conversion efficiency","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oligothiophene-derivatives","display_name":"oligothiophene derivatives","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-solar-cells","display_name":"polymer solar cells","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spin-coated-thin-films","display_name":"spin-coated films","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vacuum-deposited-thin-films","display_name":"vacuum-deposited films","score":0.7689999938011169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7602483034133911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91614233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1472888","display_name":"Organic solar cell","level":3,"score":0.6011251211166382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.5800979137420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.567744255065918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780824857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58803","display_name":"Solar cell","level":2,"score":0.5518202185630798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56052488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103382","display_name":"Amorphous solid","level":2,"score":0.5143876671791077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66187686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1472888","display_name":"Polymer solar cell","level":3,"score":0.5094109177589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45206210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2415817","display_name":"Nanoscopic scale","level":2,"score":0.4946570098400116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19067145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137203","display_name":"Thin film","level":2,"score":0.4924491345882416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58842153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3664274","display_name":"Hybrid solar cell","level":4,"score":0.46353602409362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17729963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858289","display_name":"Exciton","level":2,"score":0.46208876371383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79794668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1616270","display_name":"Heterojunction","level":2,"score":0.45261886715888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780642029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726004","display_name":"Oligomer","level":2,"score":0.4519760310649872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779892579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912138","display_name":"Acceptor","level":2,"score":0.4491090178489685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521977710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163","display_name":"Polymer","level":2,"score":0.4485718011856079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206991015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192704","display_name":"Energy conversion efficiency","level":2,"score":0.4477427899837494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77066764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178674","display_name":"Nanometre","level":2,"score":0.4395563304424286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65371982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901002","display_name":"Organic electronics","level":4,"score":0.43942782282829285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159467904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702","display_name":"Chemical physics","level":1,"score":0.34294041991233826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.33151736855506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.13017705082893372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.10845452547073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.10479110479354858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.09768950939178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07650914788246155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0742235779762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.06913107633590698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3402/nano.v2i0.7249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3402/nano.v2i0.7249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3402/nano.v2i0.7249","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/nano.v2i0.7249?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152105498","display_name":"Nano Reviews","issn_l":"2000-5121","issn":["2000-5121"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nano Reviews","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2221907","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3215193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3215193","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3215193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nano Rev","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:22110870","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22110870","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nano reviews","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3402/nano.v2i0.7249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3402/nano.v2i0.7249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3402/nano.v2i0.7249","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/nano.v2i0.7249?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152105498","display_name":"Nano Reviews","issn_l":"2000-5121","issn":["2000-5121"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nano Reviews","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.878000020980835,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G102163711","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE\u2010 AC02\u201006CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G107546177","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE- AC02-06-CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338284","funder_display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1286251239","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337480","funder_display_name":"Basic Energy Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1313983767","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338284","funder_display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1664757510","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02\u201306CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338284","funder_display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1794054907","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DESC0001059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337480","funder_display_name":"Basic Energy Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2287611682","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02\u201006CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2491707747","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0001059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338284","funder_display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G262962599","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02\u201006CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3075337988","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338284","funder_display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G426311843","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC- 02-06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337480","funder_display_name":"Basic Energy Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G498139845","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5387317844","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02\u201006CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337480","funder_display_name":"Basic Energy Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6848031779","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6918803902","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G719979475","display_name":"ARGONNE-NORTHWESTERN SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH (ANSER) CENTER -- EFRC","funder_award_id":"DESC0001059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7583137537","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337480","funder_display_name":"Basic Energy Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8172060556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SC0001059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337480","funder_display_name":"Basic Energy Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8678857631","display_name":"ARGONNE-NORTHWESTERN SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH (ANSER) CENTER -- EFRC","funder_award_id":"DESC0001059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G969889393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G993149817","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-06CH11357 ","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307102","display_name":"Intel Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337480","display_name":"Basic Energy Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05mg91w61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338284","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2074597978.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2074597978.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11476871","https://openalex.org/W1568441607","https://openalex.org/W1965058351","https://openalex.org/W1966205502","https://openalex.org/W1970465449","https://openalex.org/W1970648387","https://openalex.org/W1972486813","https://openalex.org/W1972706801","https://openalex.org/W1975441946","https://openalex.org/W1976968670","https://openalex.org/W1977772900","https://openalex.org/W1978140203","https://openalex.org/W1980502099","https://openalex.org/W1985128755","https://openalex.org/W1985746920","https://openalex.org/W1991706820","https://openalex.org/W1993392258","https://openalex.org/W1993397862","https://openalex.org/W1997681793","https://openalex.org/W2003146592","https://openalex.org/W2006359365","https://openalex.org/W2011292091","https://openalex.org/W2011534234","https://openalex.org/W2013138664","https://openalex.org/W2014318643","https://openalex.org/W2014783383","https://openalex.org/W2016088184","https://openalex.org/W2019372034","https://openalex.org/W2020010019","https://openalex.org/W2021097431","https://openalex.org/W2021801665","https://openalex.org/W2023625829","https://openalex.org/W2024584743","https://openalex.org/W2028016674","https://openalex.org/W2028262861","https://openalex.org/W2029853450","https://openalex.org/W2030106935","https://openalex.org/W2032998258","https://openalex.org/W2034531272","https://openalex.org/W2044354486","https://openalex.org/W2046548443","https://openalex.org/W2049571054","https://openalex.org/W2051735237","https://openalex.org/W2052005018","https://openalex.org/W2054969693","https://openalex.org/W2055018782","https://openalex.org/W2063051934","https://openalex.org/W2068630848","https://openalex.org/W2069506896","https://openalex.org/W2070481451","https://openalex.org/W2071134066","https://openalex.org/W2072347971","https://openalex.org/W2075343701","https://openalex.org/W2084868936","https://openalex.org/W2085416058","https://openalex.org/W2087536963","https://openalex.org/W2089731119","https://openalex.org/W2093795971","https://openalex.org/W2096710259","https://openalex.org/W2096732009","https://openalex.org/W2110141653","https://openalex.org/W2117276376","https://openalex.org/W2151201866","https://openalex.org/W2166326698","https://openalex.org/W2170456537","https://openalex.org/W2314852583","https://openalex.org/W2764886111"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2952560957","https://openalex.org/W7051835331","https://openalex.org/W2027152118","https://openalex.org/W2032299526","https://openalex.org/W4281659217","https://openalex.org/W1217643818","https://openalex.org/W2234087135","https://openalex.org/W3082529358","https://openalex.org/W403589301","https://openalex.org/W1966774034"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Photovoltaic":[0],"functions":[1],"in":[2,14,35,74,82,102],"organic":[3,36,182],"materials":[4,39,64,73],"are":[5],"intimately":[6],"connected":[7],"to":[8,44,91,154,230],"interfacial":[9],"morphologies":[10,34,105],"of":[11,32,106,128,138,145,190,205,221,247],"molecular":[12,21],"packing":[13],"films":[15,131],"on":[16,27,30,243],"the":[17,107,129,139,142,175,187,201,217,244],"nanometer":[18],"scale":[19],"and":[20,55,59,71,186,193,203,219,226],"levels.":[22],"This":[23],"review":[24,237],"will":[25,65,173,198,210,238],"focus":[26],"current":[28,188],"studies":[29],"correlations":[31],"nanoscale":[33],"photovoltaic":[37,45,63],"(OPV)":[38],"with":[40],"fundamental":[41],"processes":[42],"relevant":[43],"functions,":[46],"such":[47],"as":[48],"light":[49,242],"harvesting,":[50],"exciton":[51,53],"splitting,":[52],"diffusion,":[54],"charge":[56],"separation":[57],"(CS)":[58],"diffusion.":[60],"Small":[61],"molecule":[62,76,192],"be":[66,80,149],"discussed":[67],"here.":[68],"The":[69,126],"donor":[70],"acceptor":[72],"small":[75,191],"OPV":[77,124],"devices":[78],"can":[79,148],"fabricated":[81],"vacuum-deposited,":[83],"multilayer,":[84],"crystalline":[85,158],"thin":[86],"films,":[87],"or":[88,165],"spin-coated":[89],"together":[90],"form":[92,155],"blended":[93],"bulk":[94],"heterojunction":[95],"(BHJ)":[96],"films.":[97],"These":[98],"two":[99,249],"methods":[100],"result":[101],"very":[103],"different":[104],"solar":[108,183],"cell":[109,184],"active":[110],"layers.":[111],"There":[112],"is":[113,121,152,162],"still":[114],"a":[115,156],"formidable":[116],"debate":[117],"regarding":[118],"which":[119,161],"morphology":[120,127,220,245],"favored":[122],"for":[123],"optimization.":[125],"conducting":[130,194],"has":[132],"been":[133],"systematically":[134,222],"altered;":[135],"using":[136],"variations":[137],"techniques":[140],"above,":[141],"whole":[143],"spectrum":[144],"film":[146],"qualities":[147],"fabricated.":[150],"It":[151],"possible":[153],"highly":[157],"material,":[159],"one":[160],"completely":[163],"amorphous,":[164],"an":[166],"intermediate":[167],"morphology.":[168],"In":[169],"this":[170,236],"review,":[171],"we":[172,209],"summarize":[174],"past":[176],"key":[177],"findings":[178],"that":[179,214],"have":[180],"driven":[181],"research":[185],"state-of-the-art":[189],"oligomer":[195],"materials.":[196],"We":[197,234],"also":[199],"discuss":[200],"merits":[202],"drawbacks":[204],"these":[206,228,248],"devices.":[207],"Finally,":[208],"highlight":[211],"some":[212,240],"works":[213],"directly":[215],"compare":[216,227],"spectra":[218],"elongated":[223],"oligothiophene":[224],"derivatives":[225],"oligomers":[229],"their":[231],"polymer":[232],"counterparts.":[233],"hope":[235],"shed":[239],"new":[241],"differences":[246],"systems.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}