{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2074358686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.56.2527","title":"Active walker model for the formation of human and animal trail systems","display_name":"Active walker model for the formation of human and animal trail systems","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2074358686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.56.2527","mag":"2074358686"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/physreve.56.2527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.56.2527","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.56.2527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224030","display_name":"Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics","issn_l":"1063-651X","issn":["1063-651X","1095-3787","1538-4519"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review E","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/9806097","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061160911","display_name":"Dirk Helbing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9898-0101","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9898-0101"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Helbing","raw_affiliation_strings":["II. Institute of Theoretical Physics, Pfaffenwaldring 57/III, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"II. Institute of Theoretical Physics, Pfaffenwaldring 57/III, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057650206","display_name":"Frank Schweitzer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1551-6491","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1551-6491"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Schweitzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["II. Institute of Theoretical Physics, Pfaffenwaldring 57/III, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany","Institute of Physics, Invalidenstra\u00dfe 110, 10115 Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"II. Institute of Theoretical Physics, Pfaffenwaldring 57/III, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physics, Invalidenstra\u00dfe 110, 10115 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062490982","display_name":"Joachim Keltsch","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joachim Keltsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["II. Institute of Theoretical Physics, Pfaffenwaldring 57/III, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany","Science + Computing, Hagellocher Weg 71, 72070 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"II. Institute of Theoretical Physics, Pfaffenwaldring 57/III, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science + Computing, Hagellocher Weg 71, 72070 T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"P\u00e9ter Moln\u00e1r","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P\u00e9ter Moln\u00e1r","raw_affiliation_strings":["II. Institute of Theoretical Physics, Pfaffenwaldring 57/III, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany","The Center of Theoretical Studies of Physical Systems, 223 James P. Brawley Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30314"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"II. Institute of Theoretical Physics, Pfaffenwaldring 57/III, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Center of Theoretical Studies of Physical Systems, 223 James P. Brawley Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30314","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":37.8201,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":286,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99600266,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"3","first_page":"2527","last_page":"2539"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.006599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trail-formation","display_name":"trail formation","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-behavior","display_name":"pedestrian behavior","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-behavior","display_name":"collective behavior","score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-organized-patterns","display_name":"self-organized patterns","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/footprints","display_name":"footprints","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/route-choice","display_name":"route choice","score":0.765999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.6275491714477539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.5551398992538452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5232226252555847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.42005330324172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38287150859832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.3664216995239258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.2554526925086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24110475182533264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23558413982391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.13990440964698792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1303006410598755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/physreve.56.2527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.56.2527","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.56.2527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224030","display_name":"Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics","issn_l":"1063-651X","issn":["1063-651X","1095-3787","1538-4519"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review E","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:cond-mat/9806097","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9806097","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/9806097","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.306.2017","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.306.2017","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/9806097v1.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/9806097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/9806097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/9806097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:cond-mat/9806097","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9806097","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/9806097","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.47999998927116394}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2074358686.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2074358686.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W147508516","https://openalex.org/W164087953","https://openalex.org/W226559754","https://openalex.org/W265215831","https://openalex.org/W323901967","https://openalex.org/W647052624","https://openalex.org/W1489825438","https://openalex.org/W1508728545","https://openalex.org/W1509842099","https://openalex.org/W1544004332","https://openalex.org/W1551907347","https://openalex.org/W1584724822","https://openalex.org/W1609526117","https://openalex.org/W1774744239","https://openalex.org/W1968719911","https://openalex.org/W1970613379","https://openalex.org/W1973531796","https://openalex.org/W1977640938","https://openalex.org/W1977982518","https://openalex.org/W1988425637","https://openalex.org/W1989612388","https://openalex.org/W1992594519","https://openalex.org/W1995397995","https://openalex.org/W2007276317","https://openalex.org/W2025412264","https://openalex.org/W2028529903","https://openalex.org/W2037983158","https://openalex.org/W2044704194","https://openalex.org/W2048436566","https://openalex.org/W2054986029","https://openalex.org/W2058035772","https://openalex.org/W2059797628","https://openalex.org/W2066697733","https://openalex.org/W2076555280","https://openalex.org/W2079229497","https://openalex.org/W2088949051","https://openalex.org/W2121885874","https://openalex.org/W2129765287","https://openalex.org/W2142360629","https://openalex.org/W2144202903","https://openalex.org/W2154472352","https://openalex.org/W2167052694","https://openalex.org/W2333076018","https://openalex.org/W2492650012","https://openalex.org/W2792853809","https://openalex.org/W3175010561","https://openalex.org/W3179726552","https://openalex.org/W4231579299","https://openalex.org/W4236823571","https://openalex.org/W4243402094"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3106340805","https://openalex.org/W7096912745","https://openalex.org/W1623637810","https://openalex.org/W2133448746","https://openalex.org/W1973531796","https://openalex.org/W2040922999","https://openalex.org/W1999313575","https://openalex.org/W2170920827","https://openalex.org/W4232564945","https://openalex.org/W2009745962"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Active":[0],"walker":[1],"models":[2],"have":[3],"recently":[4],"proved":[5],"their":[6,131,149,157],"great":[7],"value":[8],"for":[9,86,130,204],"describing":[10],"the":[11,23,44,103,106,113,124,166,170,176,205,222],"formation":[12,45,77,196],"of":[13,25,46,57,82,105,115,169,207,226],"clusters,":[14],"periodic":[15],"patterns,":[16,29],"and":[17,30,51,59,73,89],"spiral":[18],"waves":[19],"as":[20,22,201],"well":[21],"development":[24],"rivers,":[26],"dielectric":[27],"breakdown":[28],"many":[31],"other":[32],"structures.":[33],"It":[34,93,210],"is":[35,135],"shown":[36],"that":[37,138],"they":[38,155],"also":[39],"allow":[40],"one":[41],"to":[42,102,214],"simulate":[43],"trail":[47,76,172,185,195],"systems":[48,173,218],"by":[49,152],"pedestrians":[50,120,139,188],"ants,":[52],"yielding":[53],"a":[54,68,142,160,164,183,190,202],"better":[55],"understanding":[56],"human":[58],"animal":[60],"behavior.":[61],"A":[62],"comparison":[63],"with":[64],"empirical":[65],"material":[66],"shows":[67],"good":[69],"agreement":[70],"between":[71],"model":[72,78,96,197],"reality.":[74],"Our":[75],"includes":[79],"an":[80,84,90],"equation":[81,85],"motion,":[83],"environmental":[87,116],"changes,":[88],"orientation":[91],"relation.":[92],"contains":[94],"some":[95],"functions,":[97],"which":[98,219],"are":[99],"specified":[100],"according":[101],"characteristics":[104],"considered":[107],"animals":[108],"or":[109],"pedestrians.":[110,227],"Not":[111],"only":[112],"kind":[114],"changes":[117],"differs:":[118],"Whereas":[119],"leave":[121],"footprints":[122],"on":[123,175],"ground,":[125],"ants":[126,146],"produce":[127,182],"chemical":[128],"markings":[129],"orientation.":[132],"Nevertheless,":[133],"it":[134],"more":[136],"important":[137],"steer":[140],"towards":[141],"certain":[143],"destination,":[144],"while":[145],"usually":[147],"find":[148],"food":[150],"sources":[151],"chance,":[153],"i.e.,":[154],"reach":[156],"destination":[158],"in":[159],"stochastic":[161],"way.":[162],"As":[163],"consequence,":[165],"typical":[167],"structure":[168],"evolving":[171],"depends":[174],"respective":[177],"species.":[178],"Some":[179],"ant":[180],"species":[181],"dendritic":[184],"system,":[186],"whereas":[187],"generate":[189],"minimal":[191],"detour":[192],"system.":[193],"The":[194],"can":[198],"be":[199],"used":[200],"tool":[203],"optimization":[206],"pedestrian":[208],"facilities:":[209],"allows":[211],"urban":[212],"planners":[213],"design":[215],"convenient":[216],"way":[217],"actually":[220],"meet":[221],"route":[223],"choice":[224],"habits":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
