{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2074170385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560050906","title":"Improved genetic algorithm for the protein folding problem by use of a Cartesian combination operator","display_name":"Improved genetic algorithm for the protein folding problem by use of a Cartesian combination operator","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2074170385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560050906","mag":"2074170385","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8880904","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2143543"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/pro.5560050906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560050906","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560050906","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/pro.5560050906","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156919612","display_name":"Protein Science","issn_l":"0961-8368","issn":["0961-8368","1469-896X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Protein Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/pro.5560050906","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113674562","display_name":"Alfred A. Rabow","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfred A. Rabow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baker Laboratory of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA","Baker Laboratory of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853\u20131301"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baker Laboratory of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baker Laboratory of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853\u20131301","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111806209","display_name":"Harold A. Scheraga","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Harold A. Scheraga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baker Laboratory of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853\u20131301"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baker Laboratory of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853\u20131301","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111806209"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":{"value":4480,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4480},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1105,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88185437,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"9","first_page":"1800","last_page":"1815"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10044","display_name":"Protein Structure and Dynamics","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10044","display_name":"Protein Structure and Dynamics","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10521","display_name":"RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-folding","display_name":"protein folding","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"genetic algorithm","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-programming","display_name":"dynamic programming","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-simulation-comparison","display_name":"Monte Carlo comparison","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-range-contacts","display_name":"long-range contacts","score":0.6299999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.5607889890670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16038011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62912","display_name":"Cartesian coordinate system","level":2,"score":0.5234791040420532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5234479308128357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.48840731382369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204328495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847556","display_name":"Protein folding","level":2,"score":0.4699186384677887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.45855066180229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776545253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5464292","display_name":"Folding (DSP implementation)","level":2,"score":0.442500501871109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4396815598011017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34626665711402893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3276124596595764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2733294367790222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.24385708570480347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.19945824146270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1381860077381134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.09130838513374329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.07289215922355652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.07057398557662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008433","descriptor_name":"Mathematics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008958","descriptor_name":"Models, Molecular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009010","descriptor_name":"Monte Carlo Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011506","descriptor_name":"Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013816","descriptor_name":"Thermodynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017510","descriptor_name":"Protein Folding","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/pro.5560050906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560050906","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560050906","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/pro.5560050906","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156919612","display_name":"Protein Science","issn_l":"0961-8368","issn":["0961-8368","1469-896X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Protein Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2143543","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2143543","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Protein Sci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:8880904","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8880904","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/pro.5560050906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560050906","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560050906","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/pro.5560050906","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156919612","display_name":"Protein Science","issn_l":"0961-8368","issn":["0961-8368","1469-896X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Protein Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G721822166","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GM--14312","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000158662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GM\u201014312","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307762","display_name":"International Business Machines Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2074170385.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2074170385.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1807939617","https://openalex.org/W1983704233","https://openalex.org/W1985794381","https://openalex.org/W2042398195","https://openalex.org/W2062081085","https://openalex.org/W2076488922","https://openalex.org/W2101206889","https://openalex.org/W2101366028","https://openalex.org/W2116050576","https://openalex.org/W2130873129","https://openalex.org/W2144181598","https://openalex.org/W2155858308","https://openalex.org/W3023540311"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101206889","https://openalex.org/W4246337991","https://openalex.org/W2159771058","https://openalex.org/W2148387177","https://openalex.org/W1968749832","https://openalex.org/W3046343048","https://openalex.org/W2037691968","https://openalex.org/W3150779277","https://openalex.org/W2297722976","https://openalex.org/W2001436813"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,139],"have":[1,95,140],"devised":[2,142],"a":[3,49,77,143],"Cartesian":[4,31,64,91,154],"combination":[5,79,92,155],"operator":[6,93,156],"and":[7,98,173],"coding":[8,25],"scheme":[9,94,108],"for":[10,119,150],"improving":[11],"the":[12,19,28,34,40,43,57,61,69,72,81,100,114,153,167],"performance":[13],"of":[14,27,33,39,42,52,63,71,80,83,103,123,128,163],"genetic":[15,24,116,129],"algorithms":[16,130],"applied":[17],"to":[18,59,166],"protein":[20,35],"folding":[21],"problem.":[22],"The":[23,37,86,106,125,158],"consists":[26],"C":[29],"alpha":[30],"coordinates":[32,65,82],"chain.":[36],"recombination":[38],"genes":[41],"parents":[44],"is":[45,109,136],"accomplished":[46],"by:":[47],"(1)":[48],"rigid":[50],"superposition":[51],"one":[53],"parent":[54],"chain":[55],"on":[56],"other,":[58],"make":[60],"relation":[62],"meaningful,":[66],"then,":[67],"(2)":[68],"chains":[70,165],"children":[73,87],"are":[74],"formed":[75],"through":[76],"linear":[78],"their":[84,104],"parents.":[85,105],"produced":[88],"with":[89,152],"this":[90],"similar":[96],"topology":[97],"retain":[99],"long-range":[101],"contacts":[102],"new":[107,144],"significantly":[110],"more":[111],"efficient":[112],"than":[113],"standard":[115],"algorithm":[117],"methods":[118,135],"locating":[120],"low-energy":[121],"conformations":[122],"proteins.":[124],"considerable":[126],"superiority":[127],"over":[131],"Monte":[132],"Carlo":[133],"optimization":[134],"also":[137,141],"demonstrated.":[138],"dynamic":[145],"programming":[146],"lattice":[147,168],"fitting":[148],"procedure":[149,159],"use":[151],"method.":[157],"finds":[160],"excellent":[161],"fits":[162],"real-space":[164],"while":[169],"satisfying":[170],"bond-length,":[171],"bond-angle,":[172],"overlap":[174],"constraints.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}