{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2073786102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/323467","title":"Condensation of Carbon in Radioactive Supernova Gas","display_name":"Condensation of Carbon in Radioactive Supernova Gas","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2073786102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/323467","mag":"2073786102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/323467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/323467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/323467","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/323467/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/323467/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111484628","display_name":"Donald D. Clayton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald D. Clayton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0978"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0978","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050949287","display_name":"Ethan A.\u2010N. Deneault","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8364-0836","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8364-0836"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethan A.\u2010N. Deneault","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0978"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0978","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054717161","display_name":"Bradley Stewart Meyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6307-9818","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6307-9818"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bradley S. Meyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0978"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0978","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8958,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89892295,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"562","issue":"1","first_page":"480","last_page":"493"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11323","display_name":"Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11323","display_name":"Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.00559999980032444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10325","display_name":"Astro and Planetary Science","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-condensation","display_name":"carbon condensation","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supernova-dust","display_name":"supernova dust","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-molecules","display_name":"carbon molecules","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbonaceous-dust","display_name":"carbonaceous dust","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphite-nucleation","display_name":"graphite nucleation","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-o-ratio","display_name":"C/O ratio","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compton-electrons","display_name":"Compton electrons","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co-dissociation","display_name":"CO dissociation","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-oxidation","display_name":"carbon oxidation","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-control","display_name":"population control","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorites","display_name":"meteorites","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-size","display_name":"grain size","score":0.46000000834465027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6740613579750061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.587429404258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180920033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11680018","display_name":"Astrochemistry","level":4,"score":0.5460032820701599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127592171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3937","display_name":"Supernova","level":2,"score":0.5289801359176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61048295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909022","display_name":"Nucleation","level":2,"score":0.5202785134315491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102931765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189673","display_name":"Dissociation (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5009667873382568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32909587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369","display_name":"Molecule","level":2,"score":0.49395209550857544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.4168914556503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159467904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702","display_name":"Chemical physics","level":1,"score":0.37211406230926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.366496741771698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.23373213410377502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196939603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41872","display_name":"Interstellar medium","level":3,"score":0.216756671667099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.169244647026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.16571921110153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.15504175424575806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.12342432141304016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/323467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/323467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/323467","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/323467/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/323467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/323467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/323467","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/323467/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2073786102.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2073786102.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W227044478","https://openalex.org/W751118393","https://openalex.org/W1965350431","https://openalex.org/W1967653785","https://openalex.org/W1970511825","https://openalex.org/W1972471967","https://openalex.org/W1973308813","https://openalex.org/W1974737886","https://openalex.org/W1980134060","https://openalex.org/W1986970444","https://openalex.org/W1994254225","https://openalex.org/W2002894713","https://openalex.org/W2010818187","https://openalex.org/W2012282059","https://openalex.org/W2013031664","https://openalex.org/W2028064100","https://openalex.org/W2030228809","https://openalex.org/W2031411303","https://openalex.org/W2032132474","https://openalex.org/W2032871004","https://openalex.org/W2039816044","https://openalex.org/W2040310363","https://openalex.org/W2041957459","https://openalex.org/W2043441463","https://openalex.org/W2050853886","https://openalex.org/W2051587271","https://openalex.org/W2057756920","https://openalex.org/W2063791348","https://openalex.org/W2064674255","https://openalex.org/W2070407898","https://openalex.org/W2077917118","https://openalex.org/W2078306862","https://openalex.org/W2082177180","https://openalex.org/W2083309973","https://openalex.org/W2085099552","https://openalex.org/W2086511276","https://openalex.org/W2150112116","https://openalex.org/W3012013787","https://openalex.org/W4236166474"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574434361","https://openalex.org/W1669421074","https://openalex.org/W1987031823","https://openalex.org/W2047648761","https://openalex.org/W1644635314","https://openalex.org/W4255045238","https://openalex.org/W2682482753","https://openalex.org/W1977007496","https://openalex.org/W2195360408","https://openalex.org/W4415307614"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,110,170],"chemistry":[1],"of":[2,9,18,60,95,107,153,156,172,181,189,198],"carbon":[3,63,116,182,192],"molecules":[4,12,142,158],"leading":[5],"to":[6,118,144,205,208],"the":[7,16,25,47,58,69,74,91,96,105,151,154,160,178,215],"formation":[8],"large":[10],"carbon-bearing":[11],"and":[13,24,37,43,65,83,103,163,197],"dust":[14,77,117],"in":[15,73,195],"interior":[17],"an":[19],"expanding":[20],"supernova":[21,48,186,202],"is":[22,39,175,203],"explored":[23],"equations":[26],"governing":[27],"their":[28],"abundances":[29,155],"are":[30],"solved.":[31],"A":[32],"steady":[33,54],"state":[34,55],"between":[35],"production":[36],"destruction":[38,126],"set":[40],"up":[41],"early":[42],"evolves":[44],"adiabatically":[45],"as":[46],"evolves.":[49],"Simple":[50],"solutions":[51],"for":[52,129,134,177],"that":[53,221],"limit":[56,104],"yield":[57],"abundance":[59],"each":[61],"linear":[62,139],"molecule":[64],"its":[66,125],"dependence":[67,152],"on":[68,159,164],"C/O":[70,131,161],"atomic":[71],"ratio":[72,162],"gas.":[75],"Carbon":[76],"condenses":[78],"from":[79,201],"initially":[80],"gaseous":[81],"C":[82,108,113,122,140,146],"O":[84,207],"atoms":[85,114],"because":[86],"Compton":[87],"electrons":[88],"produced":[89],"by":[90,121,127],"radioactivity":[92],"cause":[93],"dissociation":[94],"CO":[97],"molecules,":[98],"which":[99],"would":[100],"otherwise":[101],"form":[102],"supply":[106],"atoms.":[109],"resulting":[111],"free":[112],"enable":[115],"grow":[119],"faster":[120],"association":[123],"than":[124,212],"oxidation":[128],"various":[130],"ratios.":[132],"Nucleation":[133],"graphite":[135],"growth":[136],"occurs":[137],"when":[138],"n":[141,147],"transition":[143],"ringed":[145],"molecules.":[148],"We":[149],"survey":[150],"these":[157],"several":[165],"other":[166],"kinetic":[167],"rate":[168],"parameters.":[169],"concept":[171],"\"population":[173],"control\"":[174],"significant":[176],"maximum":[179,216],"sizes":[180],"particles":[183],"grown":[184],"during":[185],"expansion.":[187],"Interpretation":[188],"presolar":[190],"micrometer-sized":[191],"solids":[193],"found":[194],"meteorites":[196],"infrared":[199],"emission":[200],"relaxed":[204],"allow":[206],"be":[209],"more":[210],"abundant":[211],"C,":[213],"but":[214],"grain":[217],"size":[218],"depends":[219],"upon":[220],"ratio.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
